纳米晶体材料研究进展.pdf

第 9 卷 第 4 期 化　学　进　展 V o l. 9 N o. 4 1997 年 12 月 PRO GR ESS IN CH EM ISTR Y D ec. , 1997 纳米晶体材料研究进展 巩　雄　张桂兰　汤国庆　陈文驹 (南开大学现代光学研究所　天津 300071) 杨宏秀 (天津大学化学系　天津 300072) 摘　要　综述了目前纳米晶体材料合成、结构、性质和应用的研究和发展现状。通过惰 性气体凝结、机械合金、等离子体技术和其他许多方法可以制得纳米晶体材料。尽管早期的 研究者认为纳米晶体材料的晶粒边界结构不同于常规材料, 但目前有关纳米晶体材料结构 的研究表明其具有与常规晶体材料相同的晶粒边界结构。纳米晶体材料所具有的诸如扩散 和烧结、力学、陶瓷和金属间化合物的延展性、电学、热膨胀、光学、磁学、催化和腐蚀行为等 性质优于常规多晶材料, 这些性质具有巨大的潜在应用价值。 关键词　纳米晶体材料　合成　结构　性质　应用 Research Progress of Nanocrystalline M ater ials Gong X iong 　Z hang Gu ilan　T ang Guoqing 　Chen W enju ( Institu te of M odern Op itcs, N ankai U n iversity, T ian jin 300071, Ch ina) Y ang H ong x iu (D epartm en t of Chem istry, T ian jin U n iversity, T ian jin 300072, Ch ina) Abstract　T he state of arts of the syn thesis, structu res, p roperties and app lication s of nanocrystalline m aterials are review ed. N anocrystalline m aterials can be p repared by in2 ert gas conden sation, m echan ical alloying, p lasma depo sition, sp ray conversion p rocess2 ing, and m any o ther m ethods. Its p roperties such as diffu sion and sin terab ility, m echan i2 cal p roperties, ductilisation of ceram ics and in term etallics, electrical p roperties, therm al expan sion, op tical p roperties, m agnetic p roperties, catalytic p roperties, and co rro sion be2 havior are superior to tho se of conven tional po lycrystalline coarse grain m aterials. T here is a great app lication s po ten tial in the near fu tu re fo r nanocrystalline m aterials. Key words　nanocrystalline m aterials; p reparation; structu res; p roperties; app lica2 tion s