古希臘早期哲学.pptVIP

古希臘早期哲學;;;;米利都學派Milesian School, School of Miletus;Thales;佚聞;希臘七賢（Seven Sages ）;Thales之格言;Thales所問的問題：變化從何而來？ Thales 之前，希臘人以神話、英雄與擬人化的神來解釋自然現象。 Thales之改變：from which is everything that exists and from which it first becomes and into which it is rendered at last, its substance remaining under it, but transforming in qualities, that is the element and principle of things that are. For it is necessary that there be some nature, either one or more than one, from which become the other things of the object being saved... Thales the founder of this type of philosophy says that it is water. Thales drew his conclusion from seeing moist substance turn into air, slime and earth. It seems clear that Thales viewed the Earth as solidifying from the water on which it floated and which surrounded Ocean ;Anaximander;Thales之同鄉與學生 製作過世界地圖 曾擔任某城邦之領導人 ;Anaximander argues that water cannot embrace all of the opposites found in nature — for example, water can only be wet, never dry — and therefore cannot be the one primary substance; nor could any of the other candidates. He postulated the apeiron (limitless) as a substance that, although not directly perceptible to us, could explain the opposites he saw around him.;According to him, the Universe originates in the separation of opposites in the primordial （原本的）matter. It embraces the opposites of hot and cold, wet and dry, and directs the movement of things; an entire host of shapes and differences then grow （實體不能是對立中之經驗物或有限者）;Anaximander maintains that all dying things are returning to the element from which they came (apeiron). The one surviving fragment of Anaximander‘s writing deals with this matter： “Whence things have their origin, Thence also their destruction happens, According to necessity; For they give to each other justice and recompense（報償）for their injustice In conformity with the ordinance of Time.”生即有滅，斯為必然。償善懲惡，時不寬貸。 ;Anaximenes;He held that the air, with its variety of contents, its universal presence, its vague asso