生物专业英语课件--性别比例演化.pptx

English for Biology;Unit ;Part Ⅰ ;English for Biology;Charles Darwin;群体遗传学是研究群体的遗传结构及其变化规律的遗传学分支学科。应用数学和统计学方法研究群体中基因频率和基因型频率以及影响这些频率的选择效应和突变作用，研究迁移和遗传漂变等与遗传结构的关系，由此探讨进化的机制。;Ronald Fisher in 1913;Sir_Ronald_Aylmer_Fisher_Inverforth_House_North_End_Way_NW3? Fisher lived here from 1896 to 1904;Fisher worked at Rothamsted Research for 14 years from 1919;The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection was first published in 1930 by Clarendon Press and is dedicated to Leonard Darwin. A core work of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis,[20] it helped define population genetics, which Fisher founded alongside Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, and revived the idea of sexual selection,[21] neglected since Darwins death. Commonly cited in biology books, it outlines many important concepts, such as: Parental investment, is any parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one offspring at a cost to parents‘ ability to invest in other components of fitness,[22][23]（亲代投资） Fisherian runaway, explaining how the desire for a phenotypic trait in one sex combined with the trait in the other sex (for example a peacock‘s tail) creates a runaway development of the trait.（费希尔失控理论） Fisher‘s principle, which explains why the sex ratio is mostly 1:1 in nature. *Reproductive value which implies that sexually reproductive value measures the contribution of an individual of a given age to the future growth of the population.[24][25]（费希尔原理） Fisher‘s fundamental theorem of natural selection, which states that “the rate of increase in fitness of any organism at any time is equal to its genetic variance in fitness at that time.”[26]（费希尔自然选择基本定理） Fisher‘s geometric model, an evolutionary model of the effect sizes on fitness of spontaneous mutations proposed by Fisher to explain the distribution of effects of mutations that could contribute to adaptative evolution（费希尔几何模型） Sexy son hypothesis, which explains why females choose promiscuous, unreliable fathers for their children in the