深圳大学生物化学(下)生物能学.pptVIP

Chapter 20  Bioenergetics 生物能学;1. 生物能学和热力学 2. 化学反应和自由能 3. 高能化合物;1. Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics （生物能学和热力学）;! 内能、焓、熵以及自由能的概念 ;1.1 System and surroundings （体系和环境）;System;热：温差、质点无序运动 功：定向、有序的运动;1.3 Internal energy and Enthalpy (内能与焓) Internal energy(内能，U或E, J/mol)：体系内质点的能量。 Enthalpy(焓, H, J/mol)：焓包含体系内质点自身的能量以及质点之间的相互作用。 ΔH = ΔU + ΔPV; The first law of thermodynamics is the principle of the conservation of energy: The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, although the form of the energy may change. ΔU = Q - W;Biological system is an open system (生物体系是一个开放体系) Biochemical processes are almost in condition of constant pressure and volume (生物化学过程近似恒压、恒容过程) 由于 ΔH = ΔU + ΔPV 因此，生物化学中“能量变化” ≈ ΔH ≈ ΔU;1.5 Transform of chemical energy  (化学能的转化);Antoine Lavoisier, before he lost his head in the French Revolution, observed that “. . . in general, respiration is nothing but a slow combustion of carbon and hydrogen, which is entirely similar to that which occurs in a lighted lamp or candle.”;;System tend to proceed from ordered states to disordered states. 2.The entropy of the system plus surroundings is unchanged by reversible processes;the entropy of the system plus surroundings increases for irreversible processes. 3.All naturally occurring processes proceed toward equilibrium, that is to a state of minimum potential energy ; Entropy, (熵, S, J/mol?K ) is a quantitative expression for the randomness or disorder in a system. The entropy of the universe increases during all chemical and physical processes. ; Living organisms preserve their internal order by taking from the surroundings free energy in the form of nutrients or sunlight, and returning to their surroundings an equal amount of energy as heat and entropy. ; 熵（S）:代表体系能量分散程度的状态函数，也就是代表体系质点散乱无序的程度。 ΔS = ΔQ/T 0 由于熵不易测量，用它判定生物化学反应过程能否自发进行较为困难。 用自由能作为衡量标准可排除此困难。;1.7 Free energy（自由能）;2. Free-Energy Change in Chemical Reaction  (化学反应中的自由能变化);反应