CellsandTissues细胞和组织.doc

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Cells and Tissues Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Anatomy of the Cell Cells are not all the same All cells share general structures All cells have three main regions Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane The Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains genetic material (DNA) Three regions Nuclear envelope (membrane) Nucleolus Chromatin Nuclear envelope (membrane) Barrier of the nucleus Consists of a double membrane Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell Nucleoli Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli Sites of ribosome assembly Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores Chromatin Composed of DNA and protein Present when the cell is not dividing Scattered throughout the nucleus Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides Cell Membrane Barrier for cell contents Double phospholipid layer Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane Contains three major elements Organelles Metabolic machinery of the cell “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell Cytoplasmic Organelles Mitochondria “Powerhouses” of the cell Change shape continuously Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food Provides ATP for cellular energy Ribosomes Made of protein and RNA Sites of protein synthesis Found at two locations Free in the cytoplasm As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances Two types of ER Rough endoplasmic reticulum Studded with ribosomes Synthesizes proteins Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides Golgi apparatus Modifies and packages proteins Produces different types of packages Secretory vesicles Cell membrane components Lysosomes Lysosomes Contain e