像经济学家1样的思考1.pptVIP

;;Thinking Like an Economist像经济学家那样思考;THE ECONOMIST AS A SCIENTIST;The Scientific Method: Observation, Theory, and More Observation科学方法: 观察、理论以及更多的观察; Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions. 经济学家使用不同的假设来回答不同的问题;Hold other things constant…;Economic Models;Our First Model: AD-AS model;Our First Model: labor demand and labor supply;Our First Model: The Circular-Flow Diagram;Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier;Figure 2 The Production Possibilities Frontier;Our Second Model: The Production Possibilities Frontier;Figure 3 A Shift in the Production Possibilities Frontier;Microeconomics and Macroeconomics;THE ECONOMIST AS POLICY ADVISOR 作为政策顾问的经济学家;Positive versus Normative Analysis;Positive Versus Normative Analysis;Positive Versus Normative Analysis;Economists in Washington;Economists in Washington;WHY ECONOMISTS DISAGREE;WHY ECONOMISTS DISAGREE;Economists try to address their subjects with a scientist’s objectivity.经济学家试图以科学家的客观性来表达他们的主题 They make appropriate assumptions and build simplified models in order to understand the world around them.他们做出适宜的假设，并建立起简化模型，以便理解他们周围的世界。 Two simple economic models are the circular-flow diagram and the production possibilities frontier. 两个简化的经济模型是循环流动图和经济可能性边界。 ;Economics is divided into two subfields: Microeconomics is the study of decision-making by households and firms in the marketplace. Macroeconomics is the study of the forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole. 经济学家被划分为两个分支领域： 微观经济学是对家庭与企业在市场中是如何决策的予以研究。 而宏观经济学是对各种力量和趋势影响经济整体的研究。;A positive statement is an assertion about how the world is.实证性阐述是有关世界是什么样的论断 A normative statement is an assertion about how the world ought to be. 规范性的阐述是有关世界应该是什么样的论断 When economists make normative statements, they are acting more as policy advisors than scientists. 当经济学家做出规范性阐述时，他们正在行使的角色中政策顾问的成分要多于科学家的成分。;Economists who advise policymakers offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of diffe