(Sources of International Law)﹝《国际法》的来源﹞....pptVIP

(Sources of International Law) ﹝《國際法》的來源﹞ Considered by scholars: 學者的考慮： 1. customs 一、慣例 2. treaties 二、條約;3. decisions of courts or arbitrators三、法院或仲裁人的裁決4. scholarly works四、學術著作5. determinations of I.O.s, e.g. UN五、國際機構的決定，例如聯合國6. general principles of domestic law六、本土法律的一般原則;Considered by ICJ (Statute Article 38):國際法院﹝法規第三十八條﹞所考慮的1. treaties一、條約2. customs二、慣例 3. general principles of law三、一般性法律原則4. decisions of courts and works of scholars四、法庭裁決及學者著作;CustomPlays important role in areas not covered by treaties, judicial decisions or jurists‘ writings 慣例在條約、法院裁決或法學家著作所沒有涵蓋的範圍是非常重要的Custom is related to, but not the same as usage or practice慣例是跟習慣相關，但又不盡相同Usage or practice found in what states do, dont do or say習慣是可以從國家所做或不做、講或不講中找到;Custom is a unified and consistent practice that has the force of law. Examples:慣例是一種一致、一貫並且具有法律效力的習慣。例如：1. Enslave, don‘t execute prisoners一、奴役而不處決囚犯2. claim 12 mile limit on territorial waters二、聲稱有十二英里領海界限Customs arise from diplomacy, treaties, I.O.s practices, Domestic law of states慣例源自外交、條約、國際組織的習慣和本土法律;The Scotia (US Supreme Court 1871) -- domestic laws of many states require ships to carry lights; therefore it‘s the customScotia ﹝美國最高法院 1871﹞：多個州的本土法律均要求船隻攜燈；因此，這便成為慣例Evidence of state practices found in:國家習慣的例證可在以下找到：1. official documents and books一、官方文件及書籍2. internal regulations of state二、國內規則;Single action by single state not custom; if practice not constant and uniform, it‘s not a custom單一國家所做的單一行動，並不是慣例；如果習慣不是不變的和一致的，都不算是慣例Example: The Asylum Case (ICJ 1950)例如：庇護權案﹝國際法院 1950﹞Peruvian politician de la Torre gets asylum in Colombian Embassy; Peru refused safe conduct pass秘魯政客de la Torre向哥倫比亞大使館尋求庇護；秘魯拒絕予其安全通行證Colombia argued that under regional custom, de la Torre entitled to safe conduct哥倫比亞認為根據地區性慣例，de la Torre是享有安全通行的;ICJ held that no constant and uniform useage and many inconsistencies in practice. Therefore, no custom existed國際法院認為是沒有不變而統一的慣例，而且在習慣中有很多不統一的地方。因此，