第一部Heat热学.doc

Physics Note : Heat  PAGE 34 第一部 : Heat 熱學 Chapter 1: Temperature, Heat Internal Energy 溫度，熱及內能 1.1 Temperature溫度 1. It is a measure of the degree of hotness of an object.熱的量度 2. Fixed points(定點) of temperature scale: Lower fixed point - ice point, 冰點 0 oC. 低定點 Temperature of pure melting ice at normal atmospheric pressure. Upper fixed point - steam point, 沸點 100 oC. 高定點 Temperature of the stream over pure boiling water at normal atmospheric pressure. 在一大氣壓下沸騰中的純水的溫度 4. Temperature Scales 溫標(Fig. 6.1c): a. Celsius(攝氏) scale - oC b. Kelvin(開氏) scale - K absolute(絕對) scale Kelvin temp. 開氏 = Celsius temp攝氏. + 273 Thermometers(溫度計) 1. Mercury(水銀) - in - glass thermometer Measure temperatures between 量度範圍 -39 oC 357 oC. 2. Alcohol(酒精) - in - glass thermometer Measure temperatures between -115 oC 78 oC. 3. Clinical thermometer(體溫計) There is a narrow bend at the bottom to stop alcohol from running back. 體溫計有狹窄的頸縮以防酒精回流 Examples The distance between the readings of the two fixed points of a mercury-in-glass thermometer is 20 cm. If the reading of t oC is 7.4 cm above the reading of 0 oC, find t. 水銀溫度計在兩定點的水銀長度差 20 cm， 若水銀長 7.4 cm，求溫度。 1.2 Heat Internal Energy(內能) 1.Internal Energy 內能  =Kinetic energy 粒子的動能+Potential energy 粒子的位能 物體由粒子組成，粒子獲得能量，移動速度更快 2. ‘Heating’ is a process() of transferring energy form one body to another as a result of a temperature change. 「加熱」是指因溫度不同，能量由一物傳給另一物的過程 3. Heat is the energy transferred through the process of heating.熱是指「加熱」過程中轉移的能量 Therefore, from now, dont say the heat in a body but the internal energy of a body . 由現在開始不要再說「熱能」，改為「內能」 1.3 Heat Capacity(熱容量) When water is heated, its temperature rises. The temperature change (?T )depends on 當水被加熱，溫度上升，溫度的改變(?T ) (i) (ii) of the water. We use the apparatus(實驗儀器) showed below: 使用以下儀器的原因 polystyrene cup 發泡膠杯(聚苯乙烯) - stirrer攪棒 -