第4讲_需求分析与需求估计.pptVIP

第四讲 需求分析与需求估计;主要内容;经济分析与决策 需求分析 生产和成本分析 产品、定价和产出量决策 资本支出分析;Health Care Cigarettes;一、需求关系;Reasons that price and quantity are negatively related include: income effect -- as the price of a good declines, the consumer can purchase more of all goods since his or her real income increased. substitution effect -- as the price declines, the good becomes relatively cheaper. A rational consumer maximizes satisfaction by reorganizing consumption until the marginal utility in each good per dollar is equal: ;二、需求的价格弹性;ED = % change in Q / % change in P Shortcut notation: ED = %?Q / %?P A percentage change from 100 to 150 is 50% A percentage change from 150 to 100 is -33% For arc elasticities, we use the average as the base, as in 100 to 150 is +50/125 = 40%, and 150 to 100 is -40% Arc Price Elasticity -- averages over the two points;二、需求的价格弹性;If ED = -1, unit elastic If ED -1, inelastic, e.g., - 0.43 If ED -1, elastic, e.g., -4.0;Perfectly Elastic | ED| = B and Perfectly Inelastic |ED | = 0;二、需求的价格弹性;The availability and the closeness of substitutes more substitutes, more elastic The more durable is the product Durable goods are more elastic than non-durables The percentage of the budget larger proportion of the budget, more elastic The longer the time period permitted more time, generally, more elastic consider examples of business travel versus vacation travel for all three above.;三、需求的收入弹性;If EY 0, then it is a normal or income superior good some goods are Luxuries: EY 1 with a high income elasticity some goods are Necessities: EY 1 with a low income elasticity If EY is negative, then it’s an inferior good Consider these examples: Expenditures on new automobiles Expenditures on new Chevrolets Expenditures on 1996 Chevy Cavaliers with 150,000 miles Which of the above is likely to have the largest income elasticity? Which of the above might have a negative income elasticity?;四、需求的交叉弹性;PROBLEM: Find the point price elasticity, the point income elastici