明辨性思维完整版section06fallacies总结.pptVIP

brain functions Common types of fallacies A non-formal fallacy, an argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited. 系使用不恰当的类比推论而得出不恰当的结论。 Since doctors do Surgeries, they can see X-rays, lawyers have briefs to guide them during a trail, Therefore, students can use their textbooks during examination. brain functions Common types of fallacies It is an argument which is contradictory to the reality. 在实际语境中，虚拟更多用来表示说话人的委婉或让步语气，如果用来表达观点、或是用于论证则不合适。 If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you. If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitchblende(沥青铀矿石), the world today would not know about radium. brain functions Common types of fallacies A type of fallacy which a person attempts to place an opponent in a position from which he or she is unable to reply. 第一个人还不等别人喝到井水,就在井下放毒。还不等他的对手开口就用不利信息抹黑对方。 Mike is a notorious liar. You cant believe a word he says. The tourism in Hongkong has been ruined, they hate people from the mainland, just dont go. Common types of fallacies CITY COUNCILMAN: The Mayors a very good talker. Yes, talk he can do . . . and do very well. But when it comes time for action, thats a different matter. If the mayor remains silent, he runs the risk of appearing to accept the councilmans criticisms. But if he stands up and defends himself, then he is talking; and the more he talks, the more he appears to be confirming the accusations. The well has been poisoned, and the mayor is in a difficult position. How can the mayor respond ? brain functions Common types of fallacies A particular result will probably (or even inevitably) follow from a given decision or circumstance, without necessarily providing any rational arguments. 是一种非形式谬误，不合理地使用连串的因果关系，将小概率转化为必然性，以达到某种意欲之结论。 因为你考试不好，就说明读不好书，读不好书就会找不到好工作赚不了钱，赚不了钱就会影响祖国的腾飞，中华民族就会退化，美国就会借口我们有大规模杀伤性武器，向我们开战，第三次世界大战就会爆发，有人就会动用核武器，自然环境就会破坏，最后导致地球毁灭。 brain functions Common types of fallacies 课后：试比较“滑坡谬误”与“蝴蝶效应” “一只南美洲亚马逊河流域热带雨林中的蝴蝶，偶尔扇动几下翅膀，可以在两周以后引起美国德克萨斯