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Automatic Round-the-Clock Detection of Whales for Mitigation from Underwater Noise Impacts.doc

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Automatic Round-the-Clock Detection of Whales for Mitigation from Underwater Noise Impacts

AutomaticRound-the-ClockDetectionofWhalesfor MitigationfromUnderwaterNoiseImpacts DanielP.Zitterbart1,2*,LarsKindermann1,ElkeBurkhardt1,OlafBoebel1 1Ocean Acoustics Lab, Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fu¨r Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany, 2Department of Physics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany Abstract Loudhydroacousticsources,suchasnavalmid-frequencysonarsorairgunsformarinegeophysicalprospecting,havebeen increasinglycriticizedfortheirpossiblenegativeeffectsonmarinemammalsandwereimplicatedinseveralwhalestranding events.Competentauthoritiesnowregularlyrequesttheimplementationofmitigationmeasures,includingtheshut-down ofacousticsourceswhenmarinemammalsaresightedwithinapredefinedexclusionzone.Commonly,ship-basedmarine mammal observers (MMOs) are employed to visually monitor this zone. This approach is personnel-intensive and not applicable during night time, even though most hydroacoustic activities run day and night. This study describes and evaluatesanautomatic,ship-based,thermographicwhaledetectionsystemthatcontinuouslyscanstheship’senvironsfor whale blows. Its performance is independent of daylight and exhibits an almost uniform, omnidirectional detection probabilitywithinaradiusof5km.Itoutperformsalertedobserversintermsofnumberofdetectedblowsandship-whale encounters. Our results demonstrate that thermal imaging can be used for reliable and continuous marine mammal protection. Citation: Zitterbart DP, Kindermann L, Burkhardt E, Boebel O (2013) Automatic Round-the-Clock Detection of Whales for Mitigation from Underwater Noise Impacts.PLoSONE8(8):e71217.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071217 Editor:AthanassiosC.Tsikliras,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece ReceivedOctober30,2012;AcceptedJune29,2013;PublishedAugust2,2013 Copyright: ? 2013 Zitterbart etal. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanyme