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Behavioral Responses to Inequity in Reward Distribution and Working Effort in Crows and Ravens.doc

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Behavioral Responses to Inequity in Reward Distribution and Working Effort in Crows and Ravens

BehavioralResponsestoInequityinRewardDistribution andWorkingEffortinCrowsandRavens ClaudiaA.F.Wascher1,2,3*,ThomasBugnyar1,3 1Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle, Core Facility University of Vienna, Gruenau, Austria, 2Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 3DepartmentofCognitiveBiology,UniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria Abstract Sensitivitytoinequityisconsideredtobeacrucialcognitivetoolintheevolutionofhumancooperation.Theabilityhas recently been shown also in primates and dogs, raising the question of an evolutionary basis of inequity aversion. We presentfirstevidencethattwobirdspeciesaresensitivetootherindividuals’effortsandpayoffs.Inatokenexchangetask wetestedbothbehavioralresponsestoinequityinthequalityofreward(preferredversusnon-preferredfood)andtothe absenceofrewardinthepresenceofarewardedpartner,in5pairsofcorvids(6crows,4ravens).Birdsdecreasedtheir exchangeperformancewhentheexperimentalpartnerreceivedtherewardasagift,whichindicatesthattheyaresensitive tootherindividuals’workingeffort.Theyalsodecreasedtheirexchangeperformanceintheinequitycomparedwiththe equity condition. Notably, corvids refused to take the reward after a successful exchange more often in the inequity compared with the other conditions. Our findings indicate that awareness to other individuals’ efforts and payoffs may evolveindependentlyofphylogenyinsystemswithagivendegreeofsocialcomplexity. Citation: Wascher CAF, Bugnyar T (2013) Behavioral Responses to Inequity in Reward Distribution and Working Effort in Crows and Ravens. PLoS ONE 8(2): e56885.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056885 Editor:JohanJ.Bolhuis,UtrechtUniversity,TheNetherlands ReceivedAugust2,2012;AcceptedJanuary18,2013;PublishedFebruary20,2013 Copyright:?2013Wascher,Bugnyar.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding: The project was funded by