Choose Your Weapon Defensive Behavior Is Associated with Morphology and Performance in Scorpions.docVIP

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Choose Your Weapon Defensive Behavior Is Associated with Morphology and Performance in Scorpions.doc

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Choose Your Weapon Defensive Behavior Is Associated with Morphology and Performance in Scorpions

ChooseYourWeapon:DefensiveBehaviorIsAssociated withMorphologyandPerformanceinScorpions ArievanderMeijden1*,PedroLoboCoelho1,PedroSousa1,AnthonyHerrel2 1CIBIO,CentrodeInvestigac?a?oemBiodiversidadeeRecursosGene′ticos,CampusAgra′riodeVaira?o,Vaira?o,Portugal,2UMR7179,Muse′umNationald9HistoireNaturelle, De′partementd9EcologieetdeGestiondelaBiodiversite′, Paris,France Abstract Morphologycanbeadaptivethroughitseffectonperformanceofanorganism.Theeffectofperformancemay,however, be modulated by behavior; an organism may choose a behavioral option that does not fully utilize its maximum performance. Behavior may therefore be decoupled from morphology and performance. To gain insight into the relationshipsbetweentheselevelsoforganization,wecombinedmorphologicaldataondefensivestructureswithmeasures of defensive performance, and their utilization in defensive behavior. Scorpion species show significant variation in the morphologyandperformanceoftheirmaindefensivestructures;theirchelae(pincers)andthemetasoma(‘‘tail’’)carrying thestinger.Ourdatashowthatsize-correctedpinchforcevariestoalmosttwoordersofmagnitudeamongspecies,andis correlated with chela morphology. Chela and metasoma morphology are also correlated to the LD50 of the venom, corroboratingtheanecdotalrulethatdangerouslyvenomousscorpionscanberecognizedbytheirchelaeandmetasoma. Analysesofphylogeneticindependentcontrastsshowthatcorrelationsbetweenseveralaspects ofchelaandmetasoma morphology,performanceandbehaviorarepresent.Thesecorrelationssuggestco-evolutionofbehaviorwithmorphology andperformance.Pathanalysisfoundaperformancevariable(pinchforce)topartiallymediatetherelationshipbetween morphology(chelaaspectratio)andbehavior(defensivestingerusage).Wealsofoundacorrelationbetweentwoaspectsof morphology: pincer finger length correlates with the relative ‘‘thickness’’ (aspect ratio) of the metasoma. This suggests scorpions show a trade-off between their two main weapon complexes: the metasoma carrying the stinger, a