Comparative Analysis of the Peanut Witches-Broom Phytoplasma Genome Reveals Horizontal Transfer of Potential Mobile Units and Effectors.docVIP

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Comparative Analysis of the Peanut Witches-Broom Phytoplasma Genome Reveals Horizontal Transfer of Potential Mobile Units and Effectors.doc

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Comparative Analysis of the Peanut Witches-Broom Phytoplasma Genome Reveals Horizontal Transfer of Potential Mobile Units and Effectors

ComparativeAnalysisofthePeanutWitches’-Broom PhytoplasmaGenomeRevealsHorizontalTransferof PotentialMobileUnitsandEffectors Wan-ChiaChung1.,Ling-LingChen1.,Wen-SuiLo1,2,3,Chan-PinLin4,Chih-HorngKuo1,2,3* 1Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 2Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program,NationalChungHsingUniversityandAcademiaSinica,Taipei,Taiwan,3GraduateInstituteofBiotechnology,NationalChungHsingUniversity,Taichung,Taiwan, 4DepartmentofPlantPathologyandMicrobiology,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan Abstract Phytoplasmas are a group of bacteria that are associated with hundreds of plant diseases. Due to their economical importanceandthedifficultiesinvolvedintheexperimentalstudyoftheseobligatepathogens,genomesequencingand comparative analysis have been utilized as powerful tools to understand phytoplasma biology. To date four complete phytoplasmagenomesequenceshavebeenpublished.However,thesefourstrainsrepresentlimitedphylogeneticdiversity. Inthisstudy,wereporttheshotgunsequencingandevolutionaryanalysisofapeanutwitches’-broom(PnWB)phytoplasma genome.Theavailabilityofthisgenomeprovidesthefirstrepresentativeofthe16SrIIgroupandsubstantiallyimprovesthe taxonsamplingtoinvestigategenomeevolution.Thedraftgenomeassemblycontains13chromosomalcontigswithatotal size of 562,473bp, covering ,90% of the chromosome. Additionally, a complete plasmid sequence is included. Comparisons among the five available phytoplasma genomes reveal the differentiations in gene content and metabolic capacity.Notably,phylogeneticinferencesofthepotentialmobileunits(PMUs)inthesegenomesindicatethathorizontal transfermayhaveoccurredbetweendivergentphytoplasmalineages.BecausemanyeffectorsareassociatedwithPMUs, the horizontal transfer of these transposon-like elements can contribute to the adaptation and diversification of these pathogens. In summary, the findings from this study highlight the importance of improvi