测绘专业英语曲建光1lessonone翻译.docVIP

Lesson one Introduction to Surveying Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of Earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizontal or vertical relationships. 测量是一种技术，它测定地球表面上各点的相对位置，并按照比例绘制出来，使得天然和人工地物能以正确的水平或垂直关系展示出来。 Less comprehensively, the term, “Surveying”, may be limited to operations directed to the representation of ground features in plan. Methods whereby relative altitudes are ascertained are distinguished as “leveling”, the results being shown either as vertical section or by conventional symbols on a plan. 较为全面地说，“测量”这个词可以局限于在平面图上表示出地貌的操作。确定相对高度的操作区别为水准测量，其结果或以纵断面显示或是在平面图上用惯用符号表示。 Plane, Aerial and Geodetic Surveying A plan is projection upon a horizontal surface, and in its construction all linear and angular quantities used must be horizontal dimensions. It is impossible to give a complete representation of distances following the undulations of the ground other than by a scale model. Now a horizontal surface is normal to the direction of gravity as indicated by a plump line, but, on account of the form of the Earth, the direction of plump lines suspended at different points in a survey are not strictly parallel, and the plane horizontal at one point does not precisely coincide with that through any other point. It is not the irregular shape of the Earth’s physical surface that is reffered to here, but the almost regular curvature of a level surface which is necessarily perpendicular to the vertical everywhere. 平面测量，航空测量，大地测量 平面图是在水平面上的投影，在绘制时使用的长度和角度的量值必须是水平分量。除了用一个比例模型，完整地表示出地面的起伏下的距离是不可能的。一个水平面与铅锤线指示出的重力方向是垂直的，但是，由于地球的形状，在测量中，不同点悬挂的铅锤线的方向不是严格平行的，并且一点的水平面不会精确地与其它任一点的水平面重合。在此谈及的不是地球的物质表面的不规则形状，而是水准面的近乎规则的曲率。在任何地方，其必然垂直于竖直面。 In surveys of small extent the effect of curvance is quite negligible, and it is justifiable to assume that a level surface of the Earth is a horizontal plane within the area covered. Surveying methods