3.土壤无机固相.ppt

The Solid Phase Inorganic components: soil minerals Organic components: soil organic matter Inorganic components: Primary minerals: The sand and silt fractions consist largely of primary minerals. Primary minerals are formed at elevated temperatures and inherited unchanged from igneous and metamorphic rocks, sometimes through a sedimentary cycle. The most abundant primary minerals in soils: quartz(SiO2) and feldspars (MAlSi3O8) Micas, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and olivine are in smaller quantities. The Solid Phase(續) Second minerals: Minerals of the clay fraction of soils are largely secondary. Secondary minerals are formed by low temperature reaction and either inherited from sedimentary rocks or formed directly by weathering. Common secondary minerals in soils include the carbonate, the sulfur minerals, and the layer silicates, the various oxides. Crystal chemistry of silicates Internal bonding in silicates is predominantly ionic. As a result, forces are undirected and ionic size plays an important part in determining crystal structure. 鏈狀矽酸鹽 (chain structures)- Inosilicates 單鏈 (single chain) e.g.輝石類 (Pyroxenes) e.g.MgSiO3 層狀矽酸鹽(Sheet structure)- Phyllosilicates (a)為鏈狀構造之 two-dimensional extension (b)雲母類、綠泥石 (砂粒及坋粒部) 、黏土礦物 (黏粒部) 。 (c)基本架構 (unit structure) Tetrahedral layer (四面體層) ：由矽四面體所構成之層狀構造。 Octahedral layer (八面體層) ：由鋁八面體 (Aluminum Octahedron) 所構成之層狀構造。 Dioctahedral：鋁原子只佔有2/3之 Octahedral position Trioctahedral：所有之 Octahedral position 均被佔滿。 (e) e.g.雲母類 Crystal: an arrangement of ions or atoms that is repeated at regular intervals in three dimensions. Unit cell: the smallest repeating three-dimensional array of a crystal. Formula unit: The chemical composition of layer silicate minerals is normally expressed as one half of a unit cell in order to simplify the chemical formulas. Formula unit=1/2 unit cell Layer Charge The magnitude of charge per formula unit, when balanced by cations external to