Continued fractions and class number two英文文献资料.docVIP

Continued fractions and class number two英文文献资料.doc

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Continued fractions and class number two英文文献资料

PII.S0161171201010900 CONTINUEDFRACTIONSANDCLASSNUMBERTWO RICHARD A.MOLLIN (Received 12September 2000) Abstract. Weusethetheoryofcontinued fractionsinconjunction withidealtheory(often calledtheinfrastructure) inrealquadratic?eldstogivenewclassnumber2criteriaandlink this to a canonical norm-induced quadratic polynomial. By doing so, this provides a real quadratic ?eld analogue ofthe well-known result by Hendy (1974) for complex quadratic ?elds. Weillustrate with several examples. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classi?cation. 11R11, 11A55, 11R29. 1. Introduction. In[4],wegavecriteriaforrealquadratic?eldsofERD-type(those withdiscriminant oftheform?=2+r withr |4)tohaveclassnumber2interms ofacanonicalquadraticpolynomial,thusprovidingarealquadratic?eldanalogueof aresultofHendy[2]forcomplexquadratic?elds.Hereinwegivemoregeneralcriteria for (not necessarily ERD type) real quadratic ?elds in terms of the same polynomial using the theory of the infrastructure. Moreover, we are able to handle certain ERD typesthatwerenotcoveredin[4]. 2. Notationandpreliminaries. Inthissection,weseehowidealtheoryislinkedto continued fractions viawhatthelateDanShanks(see[6])calledtheinfrastructure of arealquadratic ?eld. Firstweneedthefollowing notion. De?nition 2.1. Suppose that D ∈ N is not a perfect square. Then a quadratic irrational isanumberoftheform α= P+√D , (P,Q∈Z), (2.1) Q whereQ=0andP2≡D(modQ).Also,thealgebraic conjugate ofαis √ P? D . α= (2.2) Q Weareinterested inlinking thisnotion tobothcontinued fractions andideals. To establish the link with continued fractions, we ?rst note that itiswell known that a realnumberhasaperiodiccontinuedfractionexpansionifandonlyifitisaquadratic irrational (see [7,Theorem 5.3.1, page 240]). Furthermore aquadratic irrational may haveapurely periodiccontinued fractionexpansion whichwedenoteby   α= q0;q1,q2,...,q?1 , (2.3) 566 RICHARD A. MOLLIN meaning that qn = q for all n ≥ 0, where  = (α) is the period length of

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