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Continued fractions and class number two英文文献资料
PII.S0161171201010900
CONTINUEDFRACTIONSANDCLASSNUMBERTWO
RICHARD A.MOLLIN
(Received 12September 2000)
Abstract. Weusethetheoryofcontinued fractionsinconjunction withidealtheory(often
calledtheinfrastructure) inrealquadratic?eldstogivenewclassnumber2criteriaandlink
this to a canonical norm-induced quadratic polynomial. By doing so, this provides a real
quadratic ?eld analogue ofthe well-known result by Hendy (1974) for complex quadratic
?elds. Weillustrate with several examples.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classi?cation. 11R11, 11A55, 11R29.
1. Introduction. In[4],wegavecriteriaforrealquadratic?eldsofERD-type(those
withdiscriminant oftheform?=2+r withr |4)tohaveclassnumber2interms
ofacanonicalquadraticpolynomial,thusprovidingarealquadratic?eldanalogueof
aresultofHendy[2]forcomplexquadratic?elds.Hereinwegivemoregeneralcriteria
for (not necessarily ERD type) real quadratic ?elds in terms of the same polynomial
using the theory of the infrastructure. Moreover, we are able to handle certain ERD
typesthatwerenotcoveredin[4].
2. Notationandpreliminaries. Inthissection,weseehowidealtheoryislinkedto
continued fractions viawhatthelateDanShanks(see[6])calledtheinfrastructure of
arealquadratic ?eld.
Firstweneedthefollowing notion.
De?nition 2.1. Suppose that D ∈ N is not a perfect square. Then a quadratic
irrational isanumberoftheform
α= P+√D
,
(P,Q∈Z),
(2.1)
Q
whereQ=0andP2≡D(modQ).Also,thealgebraic conjugate ofαis
√
P?
D
.
α=
(2.2)
Q
Weareinterested inlinking thisnotion tobothcontinued fractions andideals. To
establish the link with continued fractions, we ?rst note that itiswell known that a
realnumberhasaperiodiccontinuedfractionexpansionifandonlyifitisaquadratic
irrational (see [7,Theorem 5.3.1, page 240]). Furthermore aquadratic irrational may
haveapurely periodiccontinued fractionexpansion whichwedenoteby
α= q0;q1,q2,...,q?1
,
(2.3)
566
RICHARD A. MOLLIN
meaning that qn = q
for all n ≥ 0, where = (α) is the period length of
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