植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture 3.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chapter 32 Plant Growth and Development How Do Seeds Germinate? Germination is the resumption of growth after a time of arrested embryonic development Environmental factors influence germination Spring rains provide the water amounts necessary to swell and rupture the seed coat (taking in water is imbibition) Oxygen moves in and allows the embryo to switch to aerobic metabolism Increase temperatures and number of daylight hours Continue… Repeated cell divisions produce a seedling with a primary root. Genetic Programs, Environmental Cues Patterns of germination and development have a heritable basis dictated by a plant’s genes Early cell divisions may result in unequal distribution of cytoplasm Cytoplasmic differences trigger variable gene expression, which may results in variations in hormone synthesis Even though all cells have the same genes, it is the selective expression of those genes that results in cell differentiation. Growth and Development Growth and development are necessary for plants to survive Growth is defined as an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells Development is the emergence of specialized, morphologically different body parts Plant Hormones Plant hormones have central roles in the selective gene expression underlying cell differentiation and patterns of development. Types of Plant Hormones Gibberellins: Promote stem elongation Help buds and seeds break dormancy and resume growth in the spring. In some species, they influence the flowering process. Cytokinins: stimulate cell division in root and shoot meristems, where they are most abundant; they are used commercially to prolong the life of stored vegetables and cut flowers Grapes (Gibberellins) With Without Continue (Plant Hormones)… Auxins: affect lengthening of stems and coleoptiles (the protective cylinder that covers and protects the tender leaves during germination) May participate in growth responses to light and gravity. Indoleacetic