A New Bacillus anthracis Found in Wild Chimpanzees and a Gorilla from West and Central Africa 英文参考文献.docVIP

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A New Bacillus anthracis Found in Wild Chimpanzees and a Gorilla from West and Central Africa 英文参考文献.doc

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A New Bacillus anthracis Found in Wild Chimpanzees and a Gorilla from West and Central Africa 英文参考文献

Opinions ANewBacillusanthracisFoundinWild ChimpanzeesandaGorillafromWestand CentralAfrica Fabian H.Leendertz, Saniye Yumlu, Georg Pauli, Christophe Boesch, Emmanuel Couacy-Hymann, Linda Vigilant, Sandra Junglen, Svenja Schenk, Heinz Ellerbrok* A nthraxisoneoftheoldestknownzoonoticdiseases. Naturaloutbreaksthreatenwildlife,livestock,and humanhealth,andBacillusanthracishasbeenusedas abiologicalweapon[1,2].Withoutexception,B.anthracis strainsdescribedtodateshowverylittlesequencediversity [2–4].ThishasledtotheconclusionthatB.anthracis cereusgroupandsupportedbya100%bootstrapvalue(Figure 2A).WhileisolatesCIandCAwerealsoidenticalintherpoB sequences,theyfelloutsidethewell-supportedclusterof classicB.anthracisstrainsandinsteadclusteredwithB.cereus andBacillusthuringiensisstrainsandmostcloselywitha recentlydescribedatypicalandpathogenicB.thuringiensis (72%bootstrapvalue)(Figure2B). representsaclonalderivativeofanancestralmemberofthe Bacilluscereusgroupthatobtainedpathogenicpotential primarilythroughtheacquisitionoftwoB.anthracis–speci?c virulenceplasmids,pXO1andpXO2[4,5].Twomajorbut closelyrelatedgroupsofB.anthracisstrains(AandB)have beendescribedbymeansofcharacterizationofsixgenomic andtwoplasmid-encodedvariablenumbertandemrepeat regions(VNTRs)[6].GroupBstrainsarealmostexclusively restrictedtoSouthernAfrica,whilegroupAisfound throughouttheworldandmayhavebeenspreadbythe domesticationandinternationaltradeoflivestock[7,8]. Wedeterminedthatanthraxinfectioncausedthesudden deathsofsixwildchimpanzeesintheTa?¨NationalPark,Co?te d’Ivoirein2001/2002[9]andinthreechimpanzeesandone gorillafounddeadmorethan1,000mitotheeast,atthe northernperipheryoftheDjaReserve,Cameroon2004/2005 [10].InordertocharacterizetheB.anthracisisolatesfroma totallynewhabitatthatwereresponsibleforthedeathofwild greatapesthatdiedinCo?ted’IvoireandCameroon,we performedVNTRanalysesonDNAisolatedfromtissue samplesandbonesofthesegreatapes.Surprisingly,forthe isolatesfrombothoutbreaks,threeofthesixgenomicVNTRs wereclear