Adaptive Diversification in Genes That Regulate Resource Use in Escherichia coli 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Adaptive Diversification in Genes That Regulate Resource Use in Escherichia coli 英文参考文献.doc

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Adaptive Diversification in Genes That Regulate Resource Use in Escherichia coli 英文参考文献

AdaptiveDiversificationinGenes ThatRegulateResourceUse inEscherichiacoli Christine C.Spencer1¤*,Melanie Bertrand1,Michael Travisano2,Michael Doebeli1,3 1DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada,2DepartmentofBiologyandBiochemistry,UniversityofHouston,Houston, Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BritishColumbia,Canada Whiletherehasbeenmuchrecentfocusontheecologicalcausesofadaptivediversification,weknowlessaboutthe geneticnatureofthetrade-offsinresourceusethatcreateandmaintainstable,diversifiedecotypes.Hereweshow howaregulatorygeneticchangecancontributetosympatricdiversificationcausedbydifferentialresourceuseand maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection in Escherichia coli. During adaptation to sequential use of glucose and acetate, these bacteria differentiate into two ecotypes that differ in their growth profiles. The ‘‘slow- switcher’’ exhibits a long lag when switching to growth on acetate after depletion of glucose, whereas the ‘‘fast- switcher’’exhibitsashortswitchinglag.Weshowthattheshortswitchingtimeinthefast-switcherisassociatedwitha failuretodown-regulatepotentiallycostlyacetatemetabolismduringgrowthonglucose.Whilegrowingonglucose, thefast-switcherexpressesmalatesynthaseA(aceB),acriticalgeneforacetatemetabolismthatfailstobeproperly down-regulatedbecauseofatransposoninsertioninoneofitsregulators.Swappingthemutantregulatoryallelewith the ancestral allele indicated that the transposon is in part responsible for the observed differentiation between ecological types. Our results provide a rare example of a mechanistic integration of diversifying processes at the genetic,physiological,andecologicallevels. Citation:SpencerCS,BertrandM,TravisanoM,DoebeliM(2007)AdaptivediversificationingenesthatregulateresourceuseinEscherichiacoli.PLoSGenet3(1):e15.doi:10. 1371/journal.pgen.0030015 they?rstuseupalltheavailableglucoseandthenundergoa diauxic switch to acetate c