Alien Plants Introduced by Different Pathways Differ in Invasion Success Unintentional Introductions as a Threat to Natural Areas 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Alien Plants Introduced by Different Pathways Differ in Invasion Success Unintentional Introductions as a Threat to Natural Areas 英文参考文献.doc

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Alien Plants Introduced by Different Pathways Differ in Invasion Success Unintentional Introductions as a Threat to Natural Areas 英文参考文献

AlienPlantsIntroducedbyDifferentPathwaysDifferin InvasionSuccess:UnintentionalIntroductionsasaThreat toNaturalAreas PetrPysˇek1,2*,VojteˇchJarosˇ?′k1,2,JanPergl1,3 1Department of Invasion Ecology, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Pru?honice, Czech Republic, 2Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science,CharlesUniversity,Prague,CzechRepublic,3InstituteofEcologyandEvolution,UniversityofBern,Bern,Switzerland Abstract Background:Understandingthedimensionsofpathwaysofintroductionofalienplantsisimportantforregulatingspecies invasions, but how particular pathways differ in terms of post-invasion success of species they deliver has never been rigorouslytested.Weaskedwhetherinvasionstatus,distributionandhabitatrangeof1,007alienplantspeciesintroduced after1500A.D.totheCzechRepublicdifferamongfourbasicpathwaysofintroductionrecognizedforplants. Principal Findings: Pathways introducing alien species deliberately as commodities (direct release into the wild; escape fromcultivation)resultineasiernaturalizationandinvasionthanpathwaysofunintentionalintroduction(contaminantofa commodity;stowawayarrivingwithoutassociationwithit).Theproportionofnaturalizedandinvasivespeciesamongall introductions delivered by a particular pathway decreases with a decreasing level of direct assistance from humans associated with that pathway, from release and escape to contaminant and stowaway. However, those species that are introducedviaunintentionalpathwaysandbecomeinvasiveareaswidelydistributedasdeliberatelyintroducedspecies, andthoseintroducedascontaminantsinvadeanevenwiderrangeofseminaturalhabitats. Conclusions:Pathwaysassociatedwithdeliberatespeciesintroductionswithcommoditiesandpathwayswherebyspecies are unintentionally introduced are contrasting modes of introductions in terms of invasion success. However, various measuresoftheoutcomeoftheinvasionprocess,intermsofspecies’invasionsuccess,needtobeconsideredtoaccurately evaluatetheroleofandthreatimposedbyindividualpath