Anatomy and Cranial Functional Morphology of the Small-Bodied Dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Anatomy and Cranial Functional Morphology of the Small-Bodied Dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA 英文参考文献.doc

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Anatomy and Cranial Functional Morphology of the Small-Bodied Dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA 英文参考文献

AnatomyandCranialFunctionalMorphologyofthe Small-BodiedDinosaurFruitadenshaagarorumfromthe UpperJurassicoftheUSA RichardJ.Butler1,2*,LauraB.Porro3,PeterM.Galton4,5,LuisM.Chiappe6 1Bayerische Staatssammlung fu¨r Pala¨ontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany, 2GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Munich, Germany, 3DepartmentofOrganismalBiologyandAnatomy,UniversityofChicago,Illinois,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4ProfessorEmeritus,UniversityofBridgeport,Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States ofAmerica, 5Rio Vista, California, United States ofAmerica, 6TheDinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum ofLos AngelesCounty, Los Angeles,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Heterodontosauridsareanimportantbutenigmaticandpoorlyunderstoodearlyradiationofornithischian dinosaurs. The late-surviving heterodontosaurid Fruitadens haagarorum from the Late Jurassic (early Tithonian) Morrison FormationofthewesternUSAisrepresentedbyremainsofseveralsmall(,1metretotalbodylength,,1kgbodymass) individuals that include well-preserved but incomplete cranial and postcranial material. Fruitadens is hypothesized to representoneofthesmallestknownornithischiandinosaurs. Methodology/Principal Findings: We describe the cranial and postcranial anatomy of Fruitadens in detail, providing comparisonstoallotherknownheterodontosauridtaxa.Highresolutionmicro-CTdataprovidesnewinsightsintotooth replacementandtheinternalanatomyofthetooth-bearingbones.Moreover,weprovideapreliminaryfunctionalanalysis of the skull of late-surviving heterodontosaurids, discuss the implications of Fruitadens for current understanding of heterodontosauridmonophyly,andbrieflyreviewtheevolutionandbiogeographyofheterodontosaurids. Conclusions/Significance: The validity of Fruitadens is supported by multiple unique characters of the dentition and hindlimbaswellasadistinctcharactercombination.Fruitadensshareshighlydistinctiveappendicularcharacterswithother heterodontosaurids,strengtheningmonophylyofthecladeo