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Antiretroviral Use in Resource-Poor Settings Modeling Its Impact 英文参考文献
Synopses of Research Articles
Birth Rate Increases following Improved Rural Water Supply
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030133
Development efforts in rural Africa over the last few decades
have achieved improvements in living conditions and in health.
It has been argued that when such changes occur, there will be a
subsequent reduction in birth rates, and experience in other parts
of the developing world has tended to bear out this prediction.
However, birth rates in rural Africa remain high and the population
continues to grow rapidly. The situation in Ethiopia provides
an illustration; spiraling population growth and slow economic
growth are widely considered to be the main factors that have
fuelled this country’s repeated humanitarian crises.
On the basis of current trends, it is predicted that Africa’s
population will double in the next 50 years, but in many
countries, the resources are currently not available to sustain
such a level of growth, and increased human suffering may
be the consequence. An important question, but one that is
seldom discussed, is whether development programs in Africa
fail to make sustainable improvements over the long term
because they lead to unsustainable increases in population
growth rate. This concern is addressed, however, in a paper by
Gibson and Mace, who studied a rural development program
that was intended to improve the lives of Ethiopian women. The
researchers measured its impact on the health of women and
children in eight villages included within the program, and also
on the birth rate.
The study involved a rural area where some villages had
bene?ted from the provision of a tapped water supply.
Previously, women had to walk long distances (up to 30 km)
to fetch their families’ water in clay pots. The development
program reduced the time they spent carrying water each day
from about three hours to about 15 minutes. The researchers
collected information over a four-year period, including for
both villages where tapped water
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