Ants, Cataglyphis cursor, Use Precisely Directed Rescue Behavior to Free Entrapped Relatives 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Ants, Cataglyphis cursor, Use Precisely Directed Rescue Behavior to Free Entrapped Relatives 英文参考文献.doc

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Ants, Cataglyphis cursor, Use Precisely Directed Rescue Behavior to Free Entrapped Relatives 英文参考文献

Ants,Cataglyphiscursor,UsePreciselyDirectedRescue BehaviortoFreeEntrappedRelatives EliseNowbahari1*,AlexandraScohier1,Jean-LucDurand1,KarenL.Hollis2 1Laboratoired’E′thologieExpe′rimentaleetCompare′eEA4443,Universite′ParisNord,Villetaneuse,France,2InterdisciplinaryPrograminNeuroscienceBehavior,Mount HolyokeCollege,SouthHadley,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Although helping behavior is ubiquitous throughout the animal kingdom, actual rescue activity is particularly rare. Nonetheless, here we report the first experimental evidence that ants, Cataglyphis cursor, use precisely directed rescue behaviortofreeentrappedvictims;equallyimportant,theycarefullydiscriminatebetweenindividualsindistress,offering aidonlytonestmates.Ourexperimentssimulateanaturalsituation,whichweoftenobservedinthefieldwhencollecting Catagyphis ants, causing sand to collapse in the process. Using a novel experimental technique that binds victims experimentally,weobservedthebehaviorofseparate,randomlychosengroupsof5C.cursornestmatesunderoneofsix conditions. In five of these conditions, a test stimulus (the ‘‘victim’’) was ensnared with nylon thread and held partially beneaththesand.Theteststimuluswaseither(1)anindividualfromthesamecolony;(2)anindividualfromadifferent colonyofCcursor;(3)anantfromadifferentantspecies;(4)acommonpreyitem;or,(5)amotionless(chilled)nestmate.In thefinalcondition,theteststimulus(6)consistedoftheemptysnareapparatus.Ourresultsdemonstratethatantsareable torecognizewhat,exactly,holdstheirrelativeinplaceanddirecttheirbehaviortothatobject,thesnare,inparticular.They beginbyexcavatingsand,whichexposesthenylonsnare,transportingsandawayfromit,andthenbitingatthesnareitself. Snarebiting,abehaviorneverbeforereportedintheliterature,demonstratesthatrescuebehaviorisfarmoresophisticated, exactandcomplexlyorganizedthanthesimpleformsofhelpingbehavioralreadyknown,namelylimbpullingandsand digging.Thatis,limbpullingandsanddiggingcouldbereleaseddirectlybyachemicalcallforhelpandthusre