Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Risk Management Evaluation from Stochastic Clonal Evolutionary and Dynamic System Optimization Points of View 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Risk Management Evaluation from Stochastic Clonal Evolutionary and Dynamic System Optimization Points of View 英文参考文献.doc

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Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Risk Management Evaluation from Stochastic Clonal Evolutionary and Dynamic System Optimization Points of View 英文参考文献

Perspective ApplicationofBiomarkersinCancerRiskManagement: EvaluationfromStochasticClonalEvolutionaryand DynamicSystemOptimizationPointsofView XiaohongLi1*,PatriciaL.Blount1,2,ThomasL.Vaughan1,3,BrianJ.Reid1,2,4,5 1DivisionofPublicHealthSciences,FredHutchinsonCancerResearchCenter,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2Departmentof Medicine,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofEpidemiology,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,United States of America, 4Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 5Department of Genome Sciences,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica identified many molecular abnormalities Abstract: Asidefromprimarypre- vention, early detection remains themosteffectivewaytodecrease mortality associated with the ma- jority of solid cancers. Previous cancerscreeningmodelsarelargely based on classification of at-risk populations intothreeconceptual- ly defined groups (normal, cancer without symptoms, and cancer with symptoms). Unfortunately, thisapproachhasachievedlimited successes in reducing cancer mor- tality. With advances in molecular biologyandgenomictechnologies, many candidate somatic genetic and epigenetic ‘‘biomarkers’’ have beenidentifiedaspotentialpredic- tors of cancer risk. However, none have yet been validated as robust predictorsofprogressiontocancer orshowntoreducecancermortal- ity. In this Perspective, we first define thenecessaryandsufficient conditionsforprecisepredictionof future cancer development and early cancer detection within a simple physical model framework. We then evaluate cancer risk pre- diction and early detection from a dynamic clonal evolution point of view,examiningtheimplicationsof dynamic clonal evolution of bio- markers and the application of clonal evolution for cancer risk management in clinical practice. Finally, we propose a framework to gu