Bee Threat Elicits Alarm Call in African Elephants 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Bee Threat Elicits Alarm Call in African Elephants 英文参考文献.doc

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Bee Threat Elicits Alarm Call in African Elephants 英文参考文献

BeeThreatElicitsAlarmCallinAfricanElephants LucyE.King1,3*.,JosephSoltis2.,IainDouglas-Hamilton1,3,AnneSavage2,FritzVollrath1,3 1AnimalBehaviourResearchGroup,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom,2EducationandScience,Disney’sAnimalKingdom,BayLake, Florida,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3SavetheElephants,Nairobi,Kenya Abstract Unlike the smaller and more vulnerable mammals, African elephants have relatively few predators that threaten their survival.ThesoundofdisturbedAfricanhoneybeesApismelifferascutellatacausesAfricanelephantsLoxodontaafricanato retreat and produce warning vocalizations that lead other elephants to join the flight. In our first experiment, audio playbacksofbeesoundsinducedelephantstoretreatandelicitedmorehead-shakinganddusting,reactivebehaviorsthat may prevent bee stings, compared to white noise control playbacks. Most importantly, elephants produced distinctive ‘‘rumble’’vocalizationsinresponsetobeesounds.Theserumblesexhibitedanupwardshiftinthesecondformantlocation, whichimpliesactivevocaltractmodulation,comparedtorumblesmadeinresponsetowhitenoiseplaybacks.Inasecond experiment,audioplaybacksoftheserumblesproducedinresponsetobeeselicitedincreasedheadshaking,andfurther and faster retreat behavior in other elephants, compared to control rumble playbacks with lower second formant frequencies.Theseresponsestothebeerumblestimulioccurredintheabsenceofanybeesorbeesounds.Thissuggests thattheseelephantrumblesmayfunctionasreferentialsignals,inwhichaformantfrequencyshiftalertsnearbyelephants aboutanexternalthreat,inthiscase,thethreatofbees. Citation:KingLE,SoltisJ,Douglas-HamiltonI,SavageA,VollrathF(2010)BeeThreatElicitsAlarmCallinAfricanElephants.PLoSONE5(4):e10346.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0010346 Editor:KarenMcComb,UniversityofSussex,UnitedKingdom ReceivedMarch5,2010;AcceptedMarch29,2010;PublishedApril26,2010 Copyright:?2010Kingetal.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestric