Biomarkers of Whale Shark Health A Metabolomic Approach 英文参考文献.docVIP

BiomarkersofWhaleSharkHealth:AMetabolomic Approach AlistairD.M.Dove1*,JohannesLeisen2,ManshuiZhou2,JonathanJ.Byrne3,KristaLim-Hing4, HarryD.Webb1,LeslieGelbaum2,MarkR.Viant3,JuliaKubanek2,4,FacundoM.Ferna′ndez2 1Georgia Aquarium Research Center, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 2School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America, 3NERC Biomolecular Analysis Facility – Metabolomics Node (NBAF-B), School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham,Birmingham,UnitedKingdom,4SchoolofBiology,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,Georgia,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Inasearchforbiomarkersofhealthinwhalesharksandasexplorationofmetabolomicsasamoderntoolforunderstanding animalphysiology,themetabolitecompositionofseruminsixwhalesharks(Rhincodontypus)fromanaquariumcollection was explored using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry(MS).Principalcomponentsanalysis(PCA)ofspectraldatashowedthatindividualanimalscouldberesolved basedonthemetabolitecompositionoftheirserumandthattwounhealthyindividualscouldbediscriminatedfromthe remaining healthy animals. The major difference between healthy and unhealthy individuals was the concentration of homarine,herereportedforthefirsttimeinanelasmobranch,whichwaspresentatsubstantiallylowerconcentrationsin unhealthy whale sharks, suggesting that this metabolite may be a useful biomarker of health status in this species. The function(s) of homarine in sharks remain uncertain but it likely plays a significant role as an osmolyte. The presence of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), another well-known protective osmolyte of elasmobranchs, at 0.1–0.3mol L21 was also confirmed using both NMR and MS. Twenty-three additional potential biomarkers were identified based on significant differencesinthefrequencyoftheiroccurrencebetweensamplesfromhealthyandunhealthyanimals,asdetectedbyDART MS.Overall,NMRandMS