Can Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Reduce the Growth of Agricultural Weeds 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Can Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Reduce the Growth of Agricultural Weeds 英文参考文献.doc

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Can Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Reduce the Growth of Agricultural Weeds 英文参考文献

CanArbuscularMycorrhizalFungiReducetheGrowthof AgriculturalWeeds? RitaS.L.Veiga1,2*,JanJansa3,EmmanuelFrossard3,MarcelG.A.vanderHeijden1,2 1EcologicalFarmingSystems,AgroscopeReckenholz-Ta¨nikonResearchStationART,Zu¨rich,Switzerland,2Plant-MicrobeInteractions,InstituteofEnvironmentalBiology, FacultyofScience,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,TheNetherlands,3InstituteofAgriculturalSciences,SwissFederalInstituteofTechnology(ETH)Zu¨rich,Lindau,Switzerland Abstract Background: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known for their beneficial effects on plants. However, there is increasingevidencethatsomeruderalplants,includingseveralagriculturalweeds,respondnegativelytoAMFcolonization. Here,weinvestigatedtheeffectofAMFonthegrowthofindividualweedspeciesandonweed-cropinteractions. Methodology/Principal Findings: First, under controlled glasshouse conditions, we screened growth responses of nine weedspeciesandthreecropstoawidespreadAMF,Glomusintraradices.Noneoftheweedsscreenedshowedasignificant positive mycorrhizal growth response and four weed species were significantly reduced by the AMF (growth responses between 222 and 235%). In asubsequent experiment, we selected three of the negatively responding weed species – Echinochloa crus-galli,Setaria viridis andSolanumnigrum –andanalyzedtheirresponses toacombinationofthree AMF (Glomusintraradices,GlomusmosseaeandGlomusclaroideum).Finally,wetestedwhetherthepresenceofacrop(maize) enhancedthesuppressiveeffectofAMFonweeds.Wefoundthatthegrowthofthethreeselectedweedspecieswasalso reducedbyacombinationofAMFandthatthepresenceofmaizeamplifiedthenegativeeffectofAMFonthegrowthofE. crus-galli. Conclusions/Significance:OurresultsshowthatAMFcannegativelyinfluencethegrowthofsomeweedspeciesindicating thatAMFhavethepotentialtoactasdeterminantsofweedcommunitystructure.Furthermore,mycorrhizalweedgrowth reductionscanbeamplifiedinthepresenceofacrop.PreviousstudieshaveshownthatAMFprovideanumberofbeneficial ecosystemservices.Takentogetherwithourcurren