Can Ethograms Be Automatically Generated Using Body Acceleration Data from Free-Ranging Birds 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Can Ethograms Be Automatically Generated Using Body Acceleration Data from Free-Ranging Birds 英文参考文献.doc

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Can Ethograms Be Automatically Generated Using Body Acceleration Data from Free-Ranging Birds 英文参考文献

CanEthogramsBeAutomaticallyGeneratedUsingBody AccelerationDatafromFree-RangingBirds? KentaroQ.Sakamoto1*,KatsufumiSato2,MayumiIshizuka1,YutakaWatanuki3,AkinoriTakahashi4, FrancisDaunt5,SarahWanless5 1Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, 2International Coastal Research Center, Ocean Research Institute, The UniversityofTokyo,Otsuchi,Iwate,Japan,3GraduateSchoolofFisheriesScience,HokkaidoUniversity,Hakodate,Hokkaido,Japan,4NationalInstituteofPolarResearch, Itabashi,Tokyo,Japan,5CentreforEcologyandHydrology,BushEstate,Penicuik,Midlothian,UnitedKingdom Abstract Anethogramisacatalogueofdiscretebehaviorstypicallyemployedbyaspecies.Traditionallyanimalbehaviorhasbeen recorded by observing study individuals directly. However, this approach is difficult, often impossible, in the case of behaviors which occur in remote areas and/or at great depth or altitude. The recent development of increasingly sophisticated,animal-bornedataloggers,hasstartedtoovercomethisproblem.Accelerometersareparticularlyusefulin thisrespectbecausetheycanrecordthedynamicmotionofabodyine.g.flight,walking,orswimming.However,classifying behaviorusingbodyaccelerationcharacteristicstypicallyrequirespriorknowledgeofthebehavioroffree-ranginganimals. Here,wedemonstrateanautomatedproceduretocategorizebehaviorfrombodyacceleration,togetherwiththereleaseof a user-friendly computer application, ‘‘Ethographer’’. We evaluated its performance using longitudinal acceleration data collected from a foot-propelled diving seabird, the European shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis. The time series data were convertedintoaspectrumbycontinuouswavelettransformation.Then,eachsecondofthespectrumwascategorizedinto oneof20behaviorgroupsbyunsupervisedclusteranalysis,usingk-meansmethods.Thetypicalbehaviorsextractedwere characterizedbytheperiodicitiesofbodyacceleration.Eachcategorizedbehaviorwasassumedtocorrespondtowhenthe birdwasonland,inflight,ontheseasurface,divingandsoon.Thebehaviorsclass