Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Induces Dose-Dependent and Age-Related Negative Affectivity 英文参考文献.docVIP

CarbonDioxideInhalationInducesDose-Dependentand Age-RelatedNegativeAffectivity EricJ.Griez1,2*,AlessandroColasanti1,RobvanDiest1,EwaSalamon1,KoenSchruers1 1DepartmentofPsychiatryandNeuropsychology,UniversityofMaastricht,Maastricht,TheNetherlands,2DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioural Neuroscience,UpstateMedicalUniversity,StateUniversityofNewYork,Syracuse,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica Background. Carbon dioxide inhalation is known to induce an emotion similar to spontaneous panic in Panic Disorder patients. The affective response to carbon dioxide in healthy subjects was not clearly characterized yet. Methodology/ PrincipalFindings.Sixty-fourhealthysubjectsunderwentadoubleinhalationoffourmixturescontainingrespectively0,9, 17.5 and 35% CO2 in compressed air, following a double blind, cross-over, randomized design. Affective responses were assessedaccordingtoDSMIVcriteriaforpanic,usinganElectronicVisualAnalogueScaleandthePanicSymptomList.Itwas demonstrated that carbon dioxide challenges induced a dose dependent negative affect (p,0.0001). This affect was semanticallyidenticaltotheDSMIVdefinitionofpanic.OlderindividualsweresubjectivelylesssensitivetoCarbonDioxide (p,0.05). Conclusions/Significance. CO2 induced affectivity may lay on a continuum with pathological panic attacks. Consistent with earlier suggestions that panic is a false biological alarm, the affective response to CO2 may be part of aprotectivesystemtriggeredbysuffocationandacutemetabolicdistress. Citation: Griez EJ, Colasanti A, van Diest R, Salamon E, Schruers K (2007) Carbon Dioxide Inhalation Induces Dose-Dependent and Age-Related NegativeAffectivity.PLoSONE2(10):e987.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000987 INTRODUCTION theyreportedcommonspecificfearsoriftherewasanysuspicion ofhistoryofPanicAttacks.TheethicscommitteeoftheAcademic HospitalofMaastrichtapprovedthestudy. Intolerancetocarbondioxideinanxietyproneindividualshasbeen widely documented [1–3]. When inhaling hypercapnic gasses, subjectsdiagnosedwithPani