Determining Risk for Severe Leptospirosis by Molecular Analysis of Environmental Surface Waters for Pathogenic Leptospira 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Determining Risk for Severe Leptospirosis by Molecular Analysis of Environmental Surface Waters for Pathogenic Leptospira 英文参考文献.doc

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Determining Risk for Severe Leptospirosis by Molecular Analysis of Environmental Surface Waters for Pathogenic Leptospira 英文参考文献

o PL SMEDICINE DeterminingRiskforSevereLeptospirosis byMolecularAnalysisofEnvironmental SurfaceWatersforPathogenicLeptospira ChristianA.Ganoza1[,MichaelA.Matthias2[,DevonCollins-Richards2,KimberlyC.Brouwer3,CalaverasB.Cunningham2, EddyR.Segura1,RobertH.Gilman4,EduardoGotuzzo1,JosephM.Vinetz2* 1InstitutodeMedicinaTropicalAlexandervonHumboldt,UniversidadPeruanaCayetanoHeredia,Lima,Peru,2DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,DepartmentofMedicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 3 Division of International Health and Cross-Cultural Medicine, DepartmentofFamilyandPreventiveMedicine,UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,LaJolla,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4DepartmentofInternationalHealth,Johns HopkinsBloombergSchoolofPublicHealth,Baltimore,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica Funding:Thisworkwassupported byNationalInstitutesofHealth/ FogartyInternationalCentergrants RO1TW05860andD43TW007120. Thefundershadnoroleinstudy design,datacollectionandanalysis, decisiontopublish,orpreparation ofthemanuscript. ABSTRACT Background Although previous data indicate that the overall incidence of human leptospirosis in the PeruvianAmazonissimilarinurbanandruralsites,severeleptospirosishasbeenobservedonly intheurbancontext.Asapotentialexplanationforthisepidemiologicalobservation,wetested thehypothesisthatconcentrationsofmorevirulentLeptospirawouldbehigherinurbanthan inruralenvironmentalsurfacewaters. CompetingInterests:Theauthors havedeclaredthatnocompeting interestsexist. AcademicEditor:NicholasWhite, MahidolUniversity,Thailand MethodsandFindings A quantitative real-time PCR assay was used to compare levels of Leptospira in urban and ruralenvironmentalsurfacewatersinsitesinthePeruvianAmazonregionofIquitos.Molecular taxonomicanalysisofa1,200-bpsegmentoftheleptospiral16SribosomalRNAgenewasused to identify Leptospira to the species level. Pathogenic Leptospira species were found only in Citation:GanozaCA,MatthiasMA, Collins-RichardsD,Br