Development of Fetal Yawn Compared with Non-Yawn Mouth Openings from 24–36 Weeks Gestation 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Development of Fetal Yawn Compared with Non-Yawn Mouth Openings from 24–36 Weeks Gestation 英文参考文献.doc

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Development of Fetal Yawn Compared with Non-Yawn Mouth Openings from 24–36 Weeks Gestation 英文参考文献

DevelopmentofFetalYawnComparedwithNon-Yawn MouthOpeningsfrom24–36WeeksGestation NadjaReissland1*,BrianFrancis2,JamesMason3 1DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofDurham,ScienceLaboratories,Durham,UnitedKingdom,2DepartmentofMathematicsandStatistics,LancasterUniversity, Lancaster,UnitedKingdom,3WolfsonResearchInstitute,UniversityofDurham,Queen’sCampus,Stockton,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background:Althoughsomeresearchsuggeststhatfetusesyawn,othersdisagreearguingthatisitsimplemouthopening. Furthermorethereisnodevelopmentalaccountoffetalyawningcomparedwithsimplemouthopening.Theaimofthe present study was to establish in arepeated measures design thedevelopment of fetal yawning compared with simple mouthopening. Methodology/Findings:Videorecordingsweremadeofthefetalfaceanduppertorsovisualizedbymeansof4Dfullfrontal orfacialprofileultrasoundrecordings.Fifteenhealthyfetuseswerescannedfourtimesat24,28,32and36weeksgestation. Yawningwasdistinguishedfromnon-yawningintermsofthelengthoftimeittooktoreachtheapexofthemouthstretch, withyawnsbeingdefinedasmorethan50%ofthetotaltimeobserved.Toassesschangesinfrequency,aPoissonmixed effectsmodelwasfittedtothecountofnumberofyawnandsimplemouthopeningeventswithageandgenderasfixed effects, and person as a random effect. For both yawns and simple mouth openings a smooth varying age effect was significant.Thenumberofyawnsobserveddeclinedwithagefrom28weeksgestation,whereassimplemouthopenings werelessfrequentandthedeclinewasobservedfrom24weeks.Genderwasnotsignificanteitherforyawnandsimple mouthopenings. Conclusions/Significance:Yawningcanbereliablydistinguishedfromotherformsofmouthopeningwiththepotentialof usingyawningasanindexoffetalhealthydevelopment. Citation: ReisslandN,FrancisB,MasonJ(2012)DevelopmentofFetalYawnComparedwithNon-YawnMouth Openingsfrom24–36 WeeksGestation. PLoS ONE7(11):e50569.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050569 Editor:JunmingYue,TheUniversityofTennesseeHealthScienceCenter,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedAugust2,2012;AcceptedOctob