Differences in Time until Dispersal between Cryptic Species of a Marine Nematode Species Complex 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Differences in Time until Dispersal between Cryptic Species of a Marine Nematode Species Complex 英文参考文献.doc

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Differences in Time until Dispersal between Cryptic Species of a Marine Nematode Species Complex 英文参考文献

DifferencesinTimeuntilDispersalbetweenCryptic SpeciesofaMarineNematodeSpeciesComplex NeleDeMeester1,2*,SofieDerycke1,2,TomMoens1 1MarineBiologyUnit,DepartmentofBiology,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium,2CenterforMolecularPhylogenyandEvolution,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium Abstract Co-occurrenceofcloselyrelatedspeciesmaybeachievedinenvironmentswithfluctuatingdynamics,wherecompetitively inferior species can avoid competition through dispersal. Here we present an experiment in which we compared active dispersal abilities (time until first dispersal, number and gender of dispersive adults, and nematode densities at time of dispersal) in Litoditis marina, a common bacterivorous nematode species complex comprising four often co-occurring cryptic species, Pm I, II, III, and IV, as a function of salinity and food distribution. The experiment was conducted in microcosmsconsistingofaninoculationplate,connectiontube,anddispersalplate.Resultsshowspecies-specificdispersal abilitieswithPmIdispersingalmostoneweeklaterthanPmIII.Thenumberofdispersiveadultsattimeoffirstdispersalwas species-specific,withonedispersivefemaleinPmIandPmIIIandahigher,gender-balanced,numberinPmIIandPmIV. Food distribution affected dispersal: in absence of food in the inoculation plate, all species dispersed after ca four days. WhenfoodwasavailablePmIdispersedlater,andatthesametimeanddensitiesirrespectiveoffoodconditionsinthe dispersalplate(foodvsnofood),suggestingdensity-dependentdispersal.PmIIIdispersedfasterandatalowerpopulation density. Salinity affected dispersal, with slower dispersal at higher salinity. These results suggest that active dispersal in Litoditis marina is common, density-dependent, and with species, gender- and environment-specific dispersal abilities. These differences can lead to differential responses under suboptimal conditions and may help to explain temporary coexistenceatlocalscales. Citation:DeMeesterN,DeryckeS,MoensT(2012)DifferencesinTimeuntilDispersalbetweenCrypticSpeciesofaMari