Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on a Prairie Plant Community 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on a Prairie Plant Community 英文参考文献.doc

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Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on a Prairie Plant Community 英文参考文献

DirectandIndirectEffectsofClimateChangeonaPrairie PlantCommunity PeterB.Adler1*,JamesLeiker2,JonathanM.Levine3 1DepartmentofWildlandResourcesandtheEcologyCenter,UtahStateUniversity,Logan,Utah,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2ResearchTechnician,KansasStateUniversity, ResearchandExtension,Hays,Kansas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofEcology,EvolutionandMarineBiology,UniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,California, UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Climatechangedirectlyaffectsspeciesbyalteringtheirphysicalenvironmentandindirectlyaffectsspeciesby alteringinterspecificinteractionssuchaspredationandcompetition.Recentstudieshaveshownthattheindirecteffectsof climate change may amplify or counteract the direct effects. However, little is known about the the relative strength of directandindirecteffectsortheirpotentialtoimpactpopulationpersistence. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Westudiedtheeffectsofalteredprecipitationandinterspecificinteractionsonthelow- density tiller growth rates and biomass production of three perennial grass species in a Kansas, USA mixed prairie. We transplantedplugsofeachspeciesintolocalneighborhoodsofheterospecificcompetitorsandthenexposedtheplugsto afactorial manipulation ofgrowing season precipitation andneighbor removal. Precipitation treatments hadsignificant direct effects on two of the three species. Interspecific competition also had strong effects, reducing low-density tiller growth rates and aboveground biomass production for all three species. In fact, in the presence of competitors, (log) tillergrowthrateswereclosetoorbelowzeroforallthreespecies.However,wefoundnoconvincingevidencethatper capitacompetitiveeffectschangedwithprecipitation,asshownbyalackofsignificantprecipitation6competitioninter- actions. Conclusions/Significance:Wefoundlittleevidencethatalteredprecipitationwillinfluencepercapitacompetitiveeffects. However, based on species’ very low growth rates in the presence of competitors in some precipitation treatments, interspecificin