Diverse Toxic Chemicals Disrupt Cell Function through a Common Path 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Diverse Toxic Chemicals Disrupt Cell Function through a Common Path 英文参考文献.doc

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Diverse Toxic Chemicals Disrupt Cell Function through a Common Path 英文参考文献

DiverseToxic Chemicals Disrupt Cell Function through a Common Path azi L Gross | doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050041 When technological advances in the 1930s provided the means to synthesize chemicals from petroleum and natural gas, the petrochemical industry in the environment, made the cells 20% more oxidized—and inhibited cell division (as indicated by the number of cells in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle). For example, methylmercury levels as low as 20 nM (equivalent to four parts per billion) caused a 25% drop in the percentage of cells that underwent cell division in response to PDGF stimulation. Each year, methylmercury is detected in the cord blood of 600,000 infants at levels equal to or above those producing these effects. Reduced cell division, the authors show, resulted from disrupted PDGF signaling: proteins normally activated by PDGF signaling (for example, Erk1/2 and Akt) were inhibited by exposure to methylmercury (analyzed at the still sublethal exposure level of 30 nM), which also reduced the abundance of PDGF’s receptor, PDGFRá. To ?nd out which part of the PDGF pathway methylmercury targeted, the authors exposed OPCs to neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), a signaling molecule that also activates Erk1/2, a downstream component of multiple signaling pathways. Since neither Erk1/2 nor TrkC, the NT-3 receptor, were affected by the toxicant, they concluded that it must act upstream of this component. ramped up production of diverse species of novel compounds without testing their safety. By 1940, a billion pounds of synthetic petrochemicals were produced each year. Of the more than 38 million chemicals reported in the scienti?c literature, 80,000 to 150,000 are used in commercial production. A report from the Harvard School of Public Health, published in The Lancet last November, warned that “a substantial number” of these chemicals—which show up in everything from cosmetics and textiles to rubber ducks and paci?ers—may be capable of damaging the human br