DNA Repair Dynamic Defenders against Cancer and Aging 英文参考文献.docVIP

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DNA Repair Dynamic Defenders against Cancer and Aging 英文参考文献.doc

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DNA Repair Dynamic Defenders against Cancer and Aging 英文参考文献

Primer DNA Repair: Dynamic Defenders against Cancer and Aging Jill O. Fuss, Priscilla K. Cooper * Y ou probably weren’t thinking about your body’s DNA repair systems the last time you sat on the beach in the bright sunshine. Fortunately, however, while you were subjecting your DNA to the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) light, your cells were busy repairing the damage. The idea that our genetic material could be damaged by the sun was not appreciated in the early days of molecular biology. When Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in 1953 [1], it was assumed that DNA is fundamentally stable since it carries the blueprint of life. However, more than 50 years of research have revealed that our DNA is under constant assault by sunlight, oxygen, radiation, various chemicals, and even our own cellular processes. Cleverly, evolution has provided our cells with a diverse set of tools to repair the damage that Mother Nature causes. DNA repair processes restore the normal nucleotide sequence and DNA structure after damage [2]. These responses are highly varied and exquisitely regulated. DNA DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040203.g001 Figure 1. Nucleotide Excision Repair Schematic repair mechanisms are traditionally characterized by the type of damage repaired. A large variety of chemical modi?cations can alter normal DNA bases and either lead to mutations or block transcription if not repaired, and When DNA is damaged by sunlight, the damage is recognized differently depending on whether the DNA is transcriptionally active (transcription-coupled repair) or not (global excision repair). After the initial recognition step, the damage is repaired in a similar manner with the ?nal outcome being the restoration of the normal nucleotide sequence. A more detailed description is provided in the text. three distinct pathways exist to remove base damage. Base excision repair (BER) corrects DNA base alterations that do not distort the overall structure of the DNA helix, such