Eco-Geographical Diversification of Bitter Taste Receptor Genes (TAS2Rs) among Subspecies of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Eco-Geographical Diversification of Bitter Taste Receptor Genes (TAS2Rs) among Subspecies of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 英文参考文献.doc

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Eco-Geographical Diversification of Bitter Taste Receptor Genes (TAS2Rs) among Subspecies of Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) 英文参考文献

Eco-GeographicalDiversificationofBitterTasteReceptor Genes(TAS2Rs)amongSubspeciesofChimpanzees(Pan troglodytes) TakashiHayakawa1,2,TohruSugawara1¤,YasuhiroGo1,ToshifumiUdono3,HirohisaHirai1,HirooImai1* 1Molecular Biology Section, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan, 2Japan Society for PromotionofScience,Tokyo,Japan,3KumamotoSanctuary,WildlifeResearchCenterofKyotoUniversity,Uki,Kumamoto,Japan Abstract Chimpanzees(Pantroglodytes)haveregion-specificdifferenceindietaryrepertoiresfromEasttoWestacrosstropicalAfrica. Such differences may result from different genetic backgrounds in addition to cultural variations. We analyzed the sequences of all bitter taste receptor genes(cTAS2Rs)in a total of 59 chimpanzees, including 4 putative subspecies. We identifiedgeneticvariationsincludingsingle-nucleotidevariations(SNVs),insertionsanddeletions(indels),gene-conversion variations,andcopy-numbervariations(CNVs)incTAS2Rs.Approximatelytwo-thirdsofallcTAS2Rhaplotypesintheamino acidsequencewereuniquetoeachsubspecies.Weanalyzedtheevolutionarybackgroundsofnaturalselectionbehindsuch diversification.OurpreviousstudyconcludedthatdiversificationofcTAS2Rsinwesternchimpanzees(P.t.verus)mayhave resulted from balancing selection. In contrast, the present study found that purifying selection dominates as the evolutionaryformofdiversificationoftheso-calledhumanclusterofcTAS2Rsineasternchimpanzees(P.t.schweinfurthii) and that the other cTAS2Rs were under no obvious selection as a whole. Such marked diversification of cTAS2R s with different evolutionary backgrounds among subspecies of chimpanzees probably reflects their subspecies-specific dietary repertoires. Citation: Hayakawa T, Sugawara T, Go Y, Udono T, Hirai H, et al. (2012) Eco-Geographical Diversification of Bitter Taste Receptor Genes (TAS2Rs) among SubspeciesofChimpanzees(Pantroglodytes).PLoSONE7(8):e43277.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043277 Editor:WolfgangMeyerh