Ecological Adaptation of Wild Peach Palm, Its In Situ Conservation and Deforestation-Mediated Extinction in Southern Brazilian Amazonia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Ecological Adaptation of Wild Peach Palm, Its In Situ Conservation and Deforestation-Mediated Extinction in Southern Brazilian Amazonia 英文参考文献.doc

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Ecological Adaptation of Wild Peach Palm, Its In Situ Conservation and Deforestation-Mediated Extinction in Southern Brazilian Amazonia 英文参考文献

EcologicalAdaptationofWildPeachPalm,ItsInSitu ConservationandDeforestation-MediatedExtinctionin SouthernBrazilianAmazonia CharlesR.Clement1*,RonaldoP.Santos2,SylvainJ.M.Desmouliere1,EvandroJ.L.Ferreira3,Joa?oTome′ FariasNeto4 1InstitutoNacionaldePesquisasdaAmazo?nia,Manaus,Amazonas,Brasil,2InstitutoNacionaldeColonizac?a?o eReformaAgra′ria, Manaus,Amazonas,Brasil,3Instituto NacionaldePesquisasdaAmazo?nia,Nucleus–Acre,RioBranco,Acre,Brasil,4EmbrapaAmazo?niaOriental,Bele′m,Para′, Brasil Abstract Background: The Arc of Fire across southern Amazonia seasonally attracts worldwide attention as forests are cut and burnedforagriculturalexpansion.TheseforestscontainnumerouswildrelativesofnativeSouthAmericancrops,suchas peachpalm. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:OurprospectingexpeditionsexaminedcriticalareasforwildpeachpalmintheArcofFire inMatoGrosso,Para′, Maranha?o andTocantins,aswellasareasnotpreviouslyexaminedinAmazonasandAmapa′ states. Recent digitization of the RADAM Brasil project permitted comparison among RADAM’s parataxonomists’ observations, previousbotanicalcollectionsandourprospecting.Mappingonsoilsandvegetationtypesenabledustohypothesizeaset ofecologicalpreferences.WildpeachpalmisbestadaptedtoUltisols(Acrisols)inopenforestsacrosstheArcofFireand westwardintothemorehumidwesternAmazonia.Populationsaregenerallysmall(fewerthan10plants)onslopesabove watercourses.InnorthernMatoGrossoandsouthernPara′ soybeanfieldsandpasturesnowoccupynumerousareaswhere RADAMidentifiedwildpeachpalm.ThecontroversialBR-163Highwayisalreadyerodingwildpeachpalmasdeforestation expands. Conclusions/Significance:Manyofthesepopulationsarenowisolatedbyincreasingforestfragmentation,whichwilllead todecreasedreproductionviainbreedingdepressionandeventualextinctionevenwithoutcompletedeforestation.Federal conservation areas are less numerous in the Arc of Fire than in other parts of Brazilian Amazonia, although there are indigenouslands; theseconservationareas containviablepop