Ethical Implications of Modifying Lethal Injection Protocols 英文参考文献.docVIP

Essay Ethical Implications of Modifying Lethal Injection Protocols Leonidas G. Koniaris, Kenneth W. Goodman, Jeremy Sugarman, Uzoezi Ozomaro, Jonathan Sheldon, Teresa A. Zimmers * C ourts in the United States have historically judged execution methods against “evolving standards of decency,” and have prohibited punishments that involve “the unnecessary and wanton in?iction of pain,” or more recently the “substantial risk of serious harm” [1]. Public repugnance and legal challenges to execution by cyanide gas and electrocution led to the development of lethal injection as an ostensibly more h