Female Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Female Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song 英文参考文献.doc

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Female Field Crickets Incur Increased Parasitism Risk When Near Preferred Song 英文参考文献

FemaleFieldCricketsIncurIncreasedParasitismRisk WhenNearPreferredSong CassandraM.Martin*,WilliamE.Wagner,Jr. SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,Nebraska,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Female animals often prefer males with conspicuous traits because these males provide direct or indirect benefits. Conspicuousmaletraits,however,canattractpredators.Thisnotonlyincreasestheriskofpredationforconspicuousmales butalsoforthefemalesthatpreferthem.Inthevariablefieldcricket,Grylluslineaticeps,malesthatproducepreferredsong typesprovidefemaleswithgreatermaterialbenefits,buttheyarealsomorelikelytoattractlethalparasitoidflies.First,we conducted a field experiment that tested the hypothesis that females have a greater risk of fly parasitism when in associationwithpreferredhighchirpratemales.Femaleswerenearlytwiceaslikelytobeparasitizedwhencagedwithhigh chirp rate song than when caged with low chirp rate song. Females may thus be forced to trade off the quality of the benefitstheyreceivefrommatingwithpreferredmalesandtheriskofbeingkilledbyapredatorwhennearthesemales. Second, we assessed female parasitism rates in a natural population. Up to 6% of the females were parasitized in field samples. Because the females we collected could have become parasitized had they not been collected, this provides a minimumestimateofthefemaleparasitismrateinthefield.Inalaboratorystudy,wefoundnodifferenceintheproportion of time parasitized and unparasitized females spent hiding under shelters; thus, differences in activity patterns do not appear tohavebiased our estimate of femaleparasitism rates.Overall, our results suggestthat femaleassociation costs havethepotentialtoshapetheevolutionoffemalematingpreferences. Citation:MartinCM,WagnerWE,Jr.(2010)FemaleFieldCricketsIncurIncreasedParasitismRiskWhenNearPreferredSong.PLoSONE5(3):e9592.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0009592 Editor:TomTregenza,UniversityofExeter,UnitedKingdom ReceivedNovember12,2009;AcceptedFebruary8,2010;Publis