From Plants to Birds Higher Avian Predation Rates in Trees Responding to Insect Herbivory 英文参考文献.docVIP

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From Plants to Birds Higher Avian Predation Rates in Trees Responding to Insect Herbivory 英文参考文献.doc

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From Plants to Birds Higher Avian Predation Rates in Trees Responding to Insect Herbivory 英文参考文献

FromPlantstoBirds:HigherAvianPredationRatesin TreesRespondingtoInsectHerbivory ElinaMa¨ntyla¨1*,GiorgioA.Alessio2,JamesD.Blande2,JuhaHeijari2,JarmoK.Holopainen2 ,Toni Laaksonen1,PanuPiirtola2,TeroKlemola1 1SectionofEcology,DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofTurku,Turku,Finland,2DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,UniversityofKuopio,Kuopio,Finland Abstract Background:Anunderstandingoftheevolutionofpotentialsignalsfromplantstothepredatorsoftheirherbivoresmay provide exciting examples of co-evolution among multiple trophic levels. Understanding the mechanism behind the attractionofpredatorstoplantsiscrucialtoconclusionsaboutco-evolution.Forexample,insectivorousbirdsareattracted toherbivore-damagedtreeswithoutseeingtheherbivoresorthedefoliatedparts,butitisnotknownwhetherbirdsuse cuesfromherbivore-damagedplantswithaspecificadaptationofplantsforthispurpose. Methodology: We examined whethersignals from damagedtrees attract avianpredators in thewild andwhether birds couldusevolatileorganiccompound(VOC)emissionsornetphotosynthesisofleavesascuestodetectherbivore-richtrees. Weconductedafieldexperimentwithmountainbirches(Betulapubescensssp.czerepanovii),theirmainherbivore(Epirrita autumnata)andinsectivorousbirds.Halfofthetreeshadherbivorelarvaedefoliatingtreeshiddeninsidebranchbagsand halfhademptybagsascontrols.Wemeasuredpredationrateofbirdstowardsartificiallarvaeontreebranches,andVOC emissionsandnetphotosynthesisofleaves. PrincipalFindingsandSignificance:Thepredationratewashigherintheherbivoretreesthaninthecontroltrees.This confirms that birds use cues from trees to locate insect-rich trees in the wild. The herbivore trees had decreased photosynthesisandelevatedemissions ofmanyVOCs,whichsuggests thatbirdscoulduseeitherone, orboth,ascues. Therewas,however,largevariationinhowtheVOCemissioncorrelatedwithpredationrate.Emissionsof(E)-DMNT[(E)-4,8- dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene], b-ocimene and linalool were positively correlated with predation rate, while those of highly inducible gre