From Schooling to Shoaling Patterns of Collective Motion in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 英文参考文献.docVIP

FromSchoolingtoShoaling:PatternsofCollective MotioninZebrafish(Daniorerio) NoamMiller1*,RobertGerlai2* 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America, 2Department of Psychology, University of TorontoatMississauga,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada Abstract Animalgroupsonthemovecantakedifferentconfigurations.Forexample,groupsoffishcaneitherbe‘shoals’or‘schools’: shoals are simply aggregations of individuals; schools are shoals exhibiting polarized, synchronized motion. Here we demonstratethatpolarizationdistributionsofgroupsofzebrafish(Daniorerio)arebimodal,showingtwodistinctmodesof collectivemotioncorrespondingtothedefinitionsofshoalingandschooling.Otherfeaturesofthegroup’smotionalsovary consistentlybetweenthetwomodes:zebrafishschoolsarefasterandlessdensethanzebrafishshoals.Habituationtoan environment can also alter the proportion of time zebrafish groups spend schooling or shoaling. Models of collective motionsuggestthatthedegreeandstabilityofgrouppolarizationincreaseswiththegroup’sdensity.Examiningzebrafish groups of different sizes from 5 to 50, we show that larger groups are less polarized than smaller groups. Decreased fearfulness in larger groups may function similarly to habituation, causing them to spend more time shoaling than schooling,contrarytomostmodels’predictions. Citation: Miller N, Gerlai R(2012) From Schooling to Shoaling: Patterns of Collective Motion inZebrafish (Daniorerio).PLoSONE 7(11): e48865. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0048865 Editor:GonzaloG.dePolavieja,CajalInstitute,ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigacionesCient?′ficas,Spain ReceivedJuly27,2012;AcceptedOctober4,2012;PublishedNovember14,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Miller, Gerlai. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:ThisstudywassupportedinpartbyanOnta