Gamma Rhythms in the Brain 英文参考文献.docVIP

Primer GammaRhythmsintheBrain XiaoxuanJia1*,AdamKohn1,2 1DominickP.PurpuraDepartmentofNeuroscience,AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,Bronx,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofOphthalmologyand VisualSciences,AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,Bronx,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica Brainrhythmsareactivityfluctuationssharedinpopulationsof neurons. They are evident in extracellular electric fields and detectable through recordings performed within the brain or on the scalp. The gamma rhythm, a relatively high frequency (30– 80Hz)componentofthesefluctuations,hasreceivedagreatdeal ofattention.Gammaismodulatedbysensoryinputandinternal processes such as working memory and attention. Numerous theories have proposed that gamma contributes directly to brain function,butothersarguethatgammaisbetterviewedasasimple rhythms like delta and theta contribute more significantly than high frequency ones. This is still the case when networks are activated, but less so: the power in higher frequencies increases, whereas that in lower frequencies is suppressed. The enhance- mentofgammapowerinthisdrivenstateisparticularly striking and is evident as a distinct ‘‘bump’’ in the power spectrum (Figure 2; right panel, solid line). A prominent gamma rhythm provides a signature of engaged networks. Gamma has been observed in a number of cortical areas, as well as subcortical structures, in numerous species. In sensory cortex, gamma power increases with sensory drive [3,4], and with a broad range of cognitive phenomena, including perceptual grouping [5] and attention [6]. At a given recording site, gamma is stronger for some stimuli than others, generally displaying selectivity and a preference similar to that of nearby neuronalspikingactivity[7,8].Inhighercortex,gammapoweris elevatedduringworkingmemory[9]andlearning[10].Interest- ingly,irregulargammaactivityhasbeenobservedinneurological byproduct of network activity. Here we provide a basic introduction to this enigmatic signal, the mec