Gastrointestinal Cell Mediated Immunity and the Microsporidia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Gastrointestinal Cell Mediated Immunity and the Microsporidia 英文参考文献.doc

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Gastrointestinal Cell Mediated Immunity and the Microsporidia 英文参考文献

Pearls GastrointestinalCellMediatedImmunityandthe Microsporidia MagaliM.Moretto1,ImtiazA.Khan1*,LouisM.Weiss2* 1Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America, 2Departments of MedicineandPathology,AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,Bronx,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica IntroductionandBasicBiology genes. These intracellular pathogens have lost many metabolic pathways,becomingdependentontheirhostcells[5].Acollabora- tionbetweenPatrickKeeling(UniversityofBritishColumbia),Saul Tzipori (Tufts University), Elizabeth Didier (Tulane University), LouisM.Weiss(AlbertEinstein),andtheBroadInstitute(MIT)has resultedinthesequencingofthegenomesofEnterocytozoonbieneusi,E. intestinalis, E. cuniculi (types 1, 2, and 3), and E. hellem , providing genomic data on these human pathogenic microsporidia [5]. In addition, the genome of Anncaliia (Brachiola) algerae is currently undergoinggenomeannotationbythissamecollaborativegroup[6]. Other groups have completed the genomes of several insect and invertebrate microsporidian pathogens, including Nosema ceranae, OctosporeabayeriandVavriaculicisfloridensis,Nosemabombycis,andthesoil nematodepathogenNematocidaparisii.Genomedataonthesevarious microsporidiais being made availableat EuPathDB under Micro- sporidiaDB(/micro/). The microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that werepreviously thoughttobe‘‘primitive’’ eukaryotes, butwhich are now recognized to be either related to or a sister group to the Fungi [1]. These protists are relatively common enteric pathogens that usually result in self-limited or asymptomatic infections inhumans. Microsporidia wereinitially recognized as pathogens causing pe′brine insilkworms inthelate19thcentury by Louis Pasteur. The cause of pe′brine was named Nosema bombycis, providing the initial organism in the phylum Micro- sporidia thatnowincludes approximately 170generacontaining over 1,400 species, many of which are of