Generous Leaders and Selfish Underdogs Pro-Sociality in Despotic Macaques 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Generous Leaders and Selfish Underdogs Pro-Sociality in Despotic Macaques 英文参考文献.doc

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Generous Leaders and Selfish Underdogs Pro-Sociality in Despotic Macaques 英文参考文献

GenerousLeadersandSelfishUnderdogs:Pro-Sociality inDespoticMacaques JorgJ.M.Massen1,LisetteM.vandenBerg1,BerryM.Spruijt1,ElisabethH.M.Sterck1,2* 1BehaviouralBiology,UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,TheNetherlands,2EthologyResearch,BiomedicalPrimateResearchCentre,Rijswijk,TheNetherlands Abstract Activelygrantingfoodtoacompanioniscalledpro-socialbehaviorandisconsideredtobepartofaltruism.Recentfindings showthatsomenon-humanprimatesbehavepro-socially.However,pro-socialbehaviorisnotexpectedindespoticspecies, sincethesteepdominancehierarchywillhamperpro-sociality.Weshowthatsomedespoticlong-tailedmacaquesdogrant othersaccesstofood.Moreover,theirdominancehierarchydeterminespro-socialbehaviorinanunexpectedway:high- ranking individuals grant, while low-ranking individuals withhold their partner access to food. Surprisingly, pro-social behaviorisnotusedbysubordinatestoobtainbenefitsfromdominants,butbydominantstoemphasizetheirdominance position. Hence,Machiavellian macaques rule not through ‘‘fear above love’’,but through ‘‘be fearedwhen needed and lovedwhenpossible’’. Citation: Massen JJM, van den Berg LM, Spruijt BM, Sterck EHM (2010) Generous Leaders and Selfish Underdogs: Pro-Sociality in Despotic Macaques. PLoS ONE5(3):e9734.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009734 Editor:SarahFrancesBrosnan,GeorgiaStateUniversity,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedDecember10,2009;AcceptedFebruary24,2010;PublishedMarch17,2010 Copyright: ? 2010 Massen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:ThisresearchwassupportedbyanEvolutionandBehaviourgrantfromtheNetherlandsOrganizationforScientificResearch(NWO,www.nwo.nl).The fundershadnoroleinstudydesign,datacollectionandanalysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparationofthemanuscript. CompetingInterests:Theauthorshavedeclaredthatnocompetinginterestsexist. *E-mail:E.H.M.Sterck@uu.nl In