Marginal Eyespots on Butterfly Wings Deflect Bird Attacks Under Low Light Intensities with UV Wavelengths 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Marginal Eyespots on Butterfly Wings Deflect Bird Attacks Under Low Light Intensities with UV Wavelengths 英文参考文献.doc

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Marginal Eyespots on Butterfly Wings Deflect Bird Attacks Under Low Light Intensities with UV Wavelengths 英文参考文献

MarginalEyespotsonButterflyWingsDeflectBird AttacksUnderLowLightIntensitieswithUV Wavelengths MartinOlofsson*,AdrianVallin,SvenJakobsson,ChristerWiklund DepartmentofZoology,StockholmUniversity,Stockholm,Sweden Abstract Background: Predators preferentially attack vital body parts to avoid prey escape. Consequently, prey adaptations that makepredatorsattacklesscrucialbodypartsareexpectedtoevolve.Marginaleyespotsonbutterflywingshavelongbeen thoughttohavethisdeflective,buthithertoundemonstratedfunction. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we report that a butterfly, Lopinga achine, with broad-spectrum reflective white scalesinitsmarginaleyespotpupilsdeceivesageneralistavianpredator,thebluetit,toattackthemarginaleyespots,but onlyunderparticularconditions—inourexperiments,lowlightintensitieswithaprominentUVcomponent.Underhigh lightintensityconditionswithasimilarUVcomponent,andatlowlightintensitieswithoutUV,bluetitsdirectedattacks towardsthebutterflyhead. Conclusions/Significance:Innature,birdstypicallyforageintensivelyatearlydawn,whenthelightenvironmentshiftsto shorter wavelengths, and the contrast between the eyespot pupils and the background increases. Among butterflies, deflecting attacks is likely to be particularly important at dawn when low ambient temperatures make escape by flight impossible, and when insectivorous birds typically initiate another day’s search for food. Our finding that the deflective function of eyespots is highly dependent on the ambient light environment helps explain why previous attempts have providedlittlesupportforthedeflectiveroleofmarginaleyespots,andwehypothesizethatthemechanismthatwehave discoveredinourexperimentsinalaboratorysettingmayfunctionalsoinnaturewhenbirdsforageonrestingbutterflies underlowlightintensities. Citation:OlofssonM,VallinA,JakobssonS,WiklundC(2010)MarginalEyespotsonButterflyWingsDeflectBirdAttacksUnderLowLightIntensitieswithUV Wavelengths.PLoSONE5(5):e10798.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010798 Editor:TomPizzari,Univer