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Measuring the Distribution of Spitefulness 英文参考文献.doc

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Measuring the Distribution of Spitefulness 英文参考文献

MeasuringtheDistributionofSpitefulness ErikO.Kimbrough1*,J.PhilippReiss2 1DepartmentofEconomics,SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,BritishColumbia,Canada,2DepartmentofEconomics(AE1),MaastrichtUniversity,Maastricht,Limburg, TheNetherlands Abstract Spiteful, antisocial behavior may undermine the moral and institutional fabric of society, producing disorder, fear, and mistrust.Previousresearchdemonstratesthewillingnessofindividualstoharmothers,butlittleisunderstoodabouthow farpeoplearewillingtogoinbeingspiteful(relativetohowfartheycouldhavegone)ortheirconsistencyinspitefulness across repeated trials. Our experiment is the first to provide individuals with repeated opportunities to spitefully harm anonymousotherswhenthedecisionentailszerocosttothespiterandcannotbeobservedassuchbytheobjectofspite. Thismethodrevealsthatthemajorityofindividualsexhibitconsistent(non-)spitefulnessovertimeandthatthedistribution ofspitefulnessisbipolar:whenchoosingwhethertobespiteful,mostindividualseitheravoidspitealtogetherorimpose themaximumpossibleharmontheirunwittingvictims. Citation:KimbroughEO,ReissJP(2012)MeasuringtheDistributionofSpitefulness.PLoSONE7(8):e41812.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041812 Editor:LuisM.Martinez,CSIC-UnivMiguelHernandez,Spain ReceivedFebruary9,2012;AcceptedJune28,2012;PublishedAugust15,2012 Copyright:?2012Kimbrough,Reiss.Thisisanopen-accessarticledistributedunderthetermsoftheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,whichpermits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:ThisresearchwasfundedbygrantsfromMaastrichtUniversity’sMETEORresearchprograminEconomicBehavior,TheoryandComputing.Thefunders hadnoroleinstudydesign,datacollectionandanalysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparationofthemanuscript. CompetingInterests:Theauthorshavedeclaredthatnocompetinginterestsexist. *E-mail:ekimbrou@sfu.ca Introduction doharm.Inultimatumgames,thereisdebateoverthemotivations for decisions to reject non-zero offers (see e.g. [19]). How