New Insights into Blastocystis spp. A Potential Link with Irritable Bowel Syndrome 英文参考文献.docVIP

Pearls NewInsightsintoBlastocystisspp.:APotentialLinkwith IrritableBowelSyndrome PhilippePoirier1,2,3,4,IvanWawrzyniak1,2,ChristianP.Vivare`s1,2,Fre′de′ricDelbac1,2,HichamElAlaoui1,2 * 1ClermontUniversite′,Universite′ BlaisePascal,LaboratoireMicroorganismes,Ge′nomeetEnvironnement,BP10448,Clermont-Ferrand,France,2CNRS,UMR6023,LMGE, Aubiere, France, 3Clermont Universite′, Universite′ d’Auvergne, JE 2526, Evolution des bacte′ries pathoge`nes et susceptibilite′ de l’ho?te, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, France,4CHUClermont-Ferrand,ServiceParasitologieMycologie,Clermont-Ferrand,France WhatAreBlastocystisspp.? Tounderstand cellularmechanisms,invitroexperiments were performed toinvestigate thecytopathic effects ofBlastocystis spp. on mammalian cell cultures (Figure 1). A first study showed in theratepithelial cell line IEC-6 that Blastocystis ST4caninduce apoptosis inacontact-independent manner,increasing epithelial permeability [8].Thepro-inflammatory effect ofBlastocystis ST1 culture filtrates was demonstrated on HT-29 and T-84 human colonic epithelial cells with production of interleukin 8 (IL-8) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM- CSF) [1]. Cysteine proteases of Blastocystis ST4 were shown to induce IL-8 production via an NF-kB pathway [9]. Proteases released in culture supernatants of both Blastocystis ST4 and ST7 were also shown to be able to cleave human-secreted immunoglobulin A (IgA) and then modulate the immune response of the host [1]. A surface-located cysteine protease was recently shown to be involved in a pro-survival role in Blastocystis ST7 and may activate other proteases [10]. Never- theless, in vitro studies are limited by the lack of tools to study Blastocystis spp. Indeed, few strains of Blastocystis spp. are available in axenic cultures, and growth rates in culture are fluctuating andquite low. Inaddition, growth ofthis parasite is realized inanaerobic chambers thatlimitthepossibility oflong- term exposure in cellular mod