New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism 英文参考文献.docVIP

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New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism 英文参考文献.doc

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New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism 英文参考文献

NewProtocetidWhalefromtheMiddleEoceneof Pakistan:BirthonLand,PrecocialDevelopment,and SexualDimorphism PhilipD.Gingerich1*,Munirul-Haq2,WighartvonKoenigswald3,WilliamJ.Sanders4,B.HollySmith5, IyadS.Zalmout1 1Museum of Paleontology and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America, 2Geological Survey of Pakistan,Quetta,Pakistan,3Steinmann-Institutfu¨rGeologie,MineralogieundPala¨ontologie, Universita¨t Bonn,Bonn,Germany,4MuseumofPaleontology,Universityof Michigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,UnitedStatesofAmerica,5MuseumofAnthropology,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:ProtocetidaearemiddleEocene(49–37Ma)archaeocetepredatorsancestraltolaterwhales.Theyarefoundin marine sedimentary rocks, but retain four legs and were not yet fully aquatic. Protocetids have been interpreted as amphibious,feedingintheseabutreturningtolandtorest. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Twoadultskeletonsofanew2.6meterlongprotocetid,Maiacetusinuus,aredescribed from the early middle Eocene Habib Rahi Formation of Pakistan. M. inuus differs from contemporary archaic whales in havingafusedmandibularsymphysis,distinctiveastragalusbonesintheankle,andalesshind-limbdominatedpostcranial skeleton.Oneadultskeletonisfemaleandbearstheskullandpartialskeletonofasinglelargenear-termfetus.Thefetal skeletonispositionedforhead-firstdelivery,whichtypifieslandmammalsbutnotextantwhales,evidencethatbirthtook place on land. The fetal skeleton has permanent first molars well mineralized, which indicates precocial development at birth. Precocial development, with attendant size and mobility, were as critical for survival of a neonate at the land-sea interface in the Eocene as they are today. The second adult skeleton is the most complete known for aprotocetid. The vertebralcolumn,preservedinarticulation,has7cervicals,13thoracics,6lumbars,4sacrals,and21caudals.Allfourlimbs arepreservedwithhandsandfeet.Thisadultis12%largerinline