On the Origin and Spread of the Scab Disease of Apple Out of Central Asia 英文参考文献.docVIP

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On the Origin and Spread of the Scab Disease of Apple Out of Central Asia 英文参考文献.doc

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On the Origin and Spread of the Scab Disease of Apple Out of Central Asia 英文参考文献

OntheOriginandSpreadoftheScabDiseaseofApple: OutofCentralAsia PierreGladieux1,Xiu-GuoZhang2*,DamienAfoufa-Bastien1,Rosa-MariaValdebenitoSanhueza3,MohamedSbaghi4,BrunoLeCam1* 1UMR077,INRA,Angers,France, 2Department of PlantPathology, ShandongAgricultural University, Taian,China, 3NationalResearchCentrefor GrapeandWine,EMBRAPA,BentoGonc?alves, Brazil,4CentreRe′gionaldelaRechercheAgronomiquedeKenitra,INRA,Kenitra,Morocco Background.Venturiainaequalisisanascomycetefungusresponsibleforapplescab,adiseasethathasinvadedalmostall applegrowingregionsworldwide,withthecorrespondingadverseeffectsonappleproduction.Monitoringandpredictingthe effectiveness of intervention strategies require knowledge of the origin, introduction pathways, and population biology of pathogen populations. Analysis of the variation of genetic markers using the inferential framework of population genetics offers the potential to retrieve this information. Methodology/Principal Findings. Here, we present a population genetic analysisofmicrosatellitevariationin1,273strainsofV.inaequalisrepresenting28orchardsamplesfromsevenregionsinfive continents.Analysisofmolecularvariancerevealedthatmostofthevariation(88%)wasdistributedwithinlocalities,whichis consistent with extensive historical migrations of the fungus among and within regions. Despite this shallow population structure,clusteringanalysespartitionedthedatasetintoseparategroupscorrespondingroughlytogeography,indicating thateachregionhostsadistinctpopulationofthefungus.Comparisonofthelevelsofvariabilityamongpopulations,along withcoalescentanalysesofmigrationmodelsandestimatesofgeneticdistances,wasconsistentwithascenarioinwhichthe fungusemergedinCentralAsia,whereapplewasdomesticated,beforeitsintroductionintoEuropeand,morerecently,into other continents with the expansion of apple growing. Across the novel range, levels of variability pointed to multiple introductions and all populations displayed signatures of significant post-introduction increases i